Data_Sheet_1_Turning ingroup wounds into bonds: perceptions of gender inequalities predict attitudes toward other minorities.pdf

Despite significant strides in reducing gender disparities over the past decades, women still face disparities in several domains. While extensive research has explored the various consequences of gender inequalities for women, this study (N = 493 participants) delves into a less-explored dimension, investigating whether and how perceiving gender inequalities is associated with attitudes toward minorities. Drawing on relative deprivation theory and intra-minority solidarity research, we examined the relationship between women's perceptions of gender inequalities—spanning workplace inequality, domestic inequality, sexual harassment, and social expectations—and attitudes toward gays and lesbians, transgender women, and immigrants. We also explored whether indignation, arising from recognizing unjust circumstances, mediated these relationships, and the moderating role of perceived friends' support for gender equality. The results of the path analyses unveiled a nuanced relationship. While women who were more aware of gender inequalities exhibited more positive attitudes toward gays and lesbians and transgender women, no such relationship was observed regarding immigrants. Indignation and perceived friends' support for gender equality were key factors in fostering positive intergroup attitudes. Regarding their moderating role, perceived social norms only influenced the relationship between indignation and attitudes toward gays and lesbians. These findings shed light on the intricate interplay between gender inequalities and minority group attitudes. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of gender inequality and its emotional impact can catalyze promoting coalitional attitudes and collective action among disadvantaged groups. The study also underscores the potential of close groups' norms in promoting positive intergroup attitudes, warranting further exploration.</p

Cross-Lagged Models: Fit Indices and Model Comparisons.

<p>Cross-Lagged Models: Fit Indices and Model Comparisons.</p

Significant Standardized Results of the Cross-Lagged Models Linking Maternal Empathy, Support, and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviors (A/M Reports).

<p>For each cross-lagged effect and correlation, the first result is based on adolescent reports (A) and the second on maternal reports (M). Since the models with time-invariant coefficients were retained as the final ones, we present only two time points (T and T+1), and all coefficients displayed represent the averaged standardized coefficients over the six time intervals. *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001.</p

Schematization of the Tested Model.

<p>Continuous lines represent main effects and dashed lines represent indirect effects (i.e., effects of maternal empathy on antisocial behaviors mediated by mother-adolescent relationship quality; and effects of antisocial behaviors on maternal empathy mediated by mother-adolescent relationship quality). Stability paths and concurrent correlations were estimated but they are not reported in the figure for sake of clarity.</p

Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) for Study Variables.

<p>Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) for Study Variables.</p

Significant Standardized Results of the Cross-Lagged Models Linking Maternal Empathy, Conflict, and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviors (A/M Reports).

<p>For each cross-lagged effect and correlation, the first result is based on adolescent reports (A) and the second on maternal reports (M). Since the models with time-invariant coefficients were retained as the final ones, we present only two time points (T and T+1), and all coefficients displayed represent the averaged standardized coefficients over the six time intervals. *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001.</p

Significant Standardized Results of the Cross-Lagged Models Linking Maternal Empathy, Balanced Relatedness, and Adolescent Antisocial Behaviors (A/M Reports).

<p>For each cross-lagged effect and correlation, the first result is based on adolescent reports (A) and the second on maternal reports (M). Since the models with time-invariant coefficients were retained as the final ones, we present only two time points (T and T+1), and all coefficients displayed represent the averaged standardized coefficients over the six time intervals. *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001.</p

Significant Standardized Indirect Effects.

<p>Significant Standardized Indirect Effects.</p

One-Year and Two-Year Standardized Stability Paths for Study Variables.

<p>One-Year and Two-Year Standardized Stability Paths for Study Variables.</p

sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221129687 – Supplemental material for Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221129687 for Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models by Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Jennifer K. Bosson, Paweł Jurek, Tomasz Besta, Michał Olech, Joseph A. Vandello, Michael Bender, Justine Dandy, Vera Hoorens, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Eric Mankowski, Satu Venäläinen, Sami Abuhamdeh, Collins Badu Agyemang, Gülçin Akbaş, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Soline Ammirati, Joel Anderson, Gulnaz Anjum, Amarina Ariyanto, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Mujeeba Ashraf, Aistė Bakaitytė, Maja Becker, Chiara Bertolli, Dashamir Bërxulli, Deborah L. Best, Chongzeng Bi, Katharina Block, Mandy Boehnke, Renata Bongiorno, Janine Bosak, Annalisa Casini, Qingwei Chen, Peilian Chi, Vera Cubela Adoric, Serena Daalmans, Soledad de Lemus, Sandesh Dhakal, Nikolay Dvorianchikov, Sonoko Egami, Edgardo Etchezahar, Carla Sofia Esteves, Laura Froehlich, Efrain Garcia-Sanchez, Alin Gavreliuc, Dana Gavreliuc, Ángel Gomez, Francesca Guizzo, Sylvie Graf, Hedy Greijdanus, Ani Grigoryan, Joanna Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Keltouma Guerch, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Miriam-Linnea Hale, Hannah Hämer, Mika Hirai, Lam Hoang Duc, Martina Hřebíčková, Paul B. Hutchings, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Serdar Karabati, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Gabriella Kengyel, Narine Khachatryan, Rawan Ghazzawi, Mary Kinahan, Teri A. Kirby, Monika Kovacs, Desiree Kozlowski, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Kuba Kryś, Clara Kulich, Tai Kurosawa, Nhan Thi Lac An, Javier Labarthe-Carrara, Mary Anne Lauri, Ioana Latu, Abiodun Musbau Lawal, Junyi Li, Jana Lindner, Anna Lindqvist, Angela T. Maitner, Elena Makarova, Ana Makashvili, Shera Malayeri, Sadia Malik, Tiziana Mancini, Claudia Manzi, Silvia Mari, Sarah E. Martiny, Claude-Hélène Mayer, Vladimir Mihić, Jasna MiloševićĐorđević, Eva Moreno-Bella, Silvia Moscatelli, Andrew Bryan Moynihan, Dominique Muller, Erita Narhetali, Félix Neto, Kimberly A. Noels, Boglárka Nyúl, Emma C. O’Connor, Danielle P. Ochoa, Sachiko Ohno, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Randall Osborne, Maria Giuseppina Pacilli, Jorge Palacio, Snigdha Patnaik, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Pablo Pérez de León, Ivana Piterová, Juliana Barreiros Porto, Angelica Puzio, Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Erico Rentería Pérez, Emma Renström, Tiphaine Rousseaux, Michelle K. Ryan, Saba Safdar, Mario Sainz, Marco Salvati, Adil Samekin, Simon Schindler, A. Timur Sevincer, Masoumeh Seydi, Debra Shepherd, Sara Sherbaji, Toni Schmader, Cláudia Simão, Rosita Sobhie, Jurand Sobiecki, Lucille De Souza, Emma Sarter, Dijana Sulejmanović, Katie E. Sullivan, Mariko Tatsumi, Lucy Tavitian-Elmadjian, Suparna Jain Thakur, Quang Thi Mong Chi, Beatriz Torre, Ana Torres, Claudio V. Torres, Beril Türkoğlu, Joaquín Ungaretti, Timothy Valshtein, Colette Van Laar, Jolanda van der Noll, Vadym Vasiutynskyi, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Neharika Vohra, Marta Walentynowicz, Colleen Ward, Anna Włodarczyk, Yaping Yang, Vincent Yzerbyt, Valeska Zanello, Antonella Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, Magdalena Zawisza, Rita Žukauskienė and Magdalena Żadkowska in Social Psychological and Personality Science</p