Rotational forceps versus manual rotation and direct forceps:a retrospective cohort study

Probability of type 2 diabetes by age in men (A) and women (B). (DOC 34 kb

MOESM1 of Prevalence of hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy and subsequent obstetric outcomes at St. Francis Hospital Nsambya

Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Questionnaire

MOESM2 of Prevalence of hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy and subsequent obstetric outcomes at St. Francis Hospital Nsambya

Additional file 2: Appendix 2. Specifications for the glucometer used (GlucocardTM ∑ GT-1070)

Age-standardized prevalence of current and ex-smokers among women.

<p>Age-standardized prevalence of current and ex-smokers among women.</p

Age-standardized prevalence of current and ex-smokers among men.

<p>Age-standardized prevalence of current and ex-smokers among men.</p

Flow chart showing inclusion of RODAM participants in smoking analysis.

<p>Flow chart showing inclusion of RODAM participants in smoking analysis.</p

Smoking prevalence differs by location of residence among Ghanaians in Africa and Europe: The RODAM study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although the prevalence of smoking is low in Ghana, little is known about the effect of migration on smoking. Comparing Ghanaians living in their country of origin to those living in Europe offers an opportunity to investigate smoking by location of residence and the associations between smoking behaviours and migration-related factors.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Data on a relatively homogenous group of Ghanaians living in London (n = 949), Amsterdam (n = 1400), Berlin (n = 543), rural Ghana (n = 973) and urban Ghana (n = 1400) from the cross-sectional RODAM (<b>R</b>esearch on <b>O</b>besity & <b>D</b>iabetes in <b>A</b>frican <b>M</b>igrants) study were used. Age-standardized prevalence rates of smoking by location of residence and factors associated with smoking among Ghanaian men were estimated using prevalence ratios (PR: 95% CIs).</p><p>Results</p><p>Current smoking was non-existent among women in rural and urban Ghana and London but was 3.2% and 3.3% in women in Amsterdam and Berlin, respectively. Smoking prevalence was higher in men in Europe (7.8%) than in both rural and urban Ghana (4.8%): PR 1.91: 95% CI 1.27, 2.88, adjusted for age, marital status, education and employment.</p><p>Factors associated with a higher prevalence of smoking among Ghanaian men included European residence, being divorced or widowed, living alone, Islam religion, infrequent attendance at religious services, assimilation (cultural orientation), and low education.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Ghanaians living in Europe are more likely to smoke than their counterparts in Ghana, suggesting convergence to European populations, although prevalence rates are still far below those in the host populations.</p></div

Factors associated with current smoking among Ghanaian men in all locations.

<p>Factors associated with current smoking among Ghanaian men in all locations.</p

Period when first generation current smokers started smoking by gender and European location of residence (restricted to those who migrated after age 25).

<p>Period when first generation current smokers started smoking by gender and European location of residence (restricted to those who migrated after age 25).</p

Additional file 5: Figure S5. of Obesity and type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africans – Is the burden in today’s Africa similar to African migrants in Europe? The RODAM study

Probability of type 2 diabetes by age in men (A) and women (B). (DOC 34 kb