PHENOLIC OXYDATION, TYPE OF EXPLANT AND NUTRITIVE MEDIA IN Peltophorum dubium (SPRENG.) TAUB.'S IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT

A canaf\uedstula, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. \ue9 uma esp\ue9cie florestal nativa e com ampla dispers\ue3o geogr\ue1fica, desempenhando um papel pioneiro nas \ue1reas abertas, em capoeiras e matas degradadas. Apresenta um r\ue1pido crescimento e se adapta facilmente, sendo muito recomendada para reflorestamento homog\ueaneo. A madeira \ue9 utilizada em constru\ue7\uf5es civis, ind\ufastria de m\uf3veis, constru\ue7\ue3o naval e militar. A micropropaga\ue7\ue3o \ue9 uma t\ue9cnica utilizada com bastante sucesso, apresentando, entre outras vantagens, um r\ue1pido aumento no n\ufamero de plantas geneticamente id\ueanticas partindo de plantas selecionadas. Os objetivos do trabalho s\ue3o avaliar a influ\ueancia da luz no controle da oxida\ue7\ue3o fen\uf3lica dos explantes de canaf\uedstula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.), determinar o meio nutritivo e o tipo de explante mais adequado para o estabelecimento in vitro de canaf\uedstula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, \ue1pices caulinares foram cultivados em meio base MS a 25 \ub1 3\ub0C, por 7 dias no escuro e, posteriormente, sob fotoper\uedodo de 16 horas de luz e intensidade luminosa de 20 \u3bcmol.m2.s-1, fornecida por l\ue2mpada fluorescente branca durante 21 dias ou permaneceram na c\ue2mara de crescimento com exposi\ue7\ue3o \ue0 luz durante todo o experimento. Foi empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repeti\ue7\uf5es contendo quatro unidades experimentais (UE). A oxida\ue7\ue3o fen\uf3lica foi observada ap\uf3s 21 dias de cultivo. N\ue3o ocorreu oxida\ue7\ue3o fen\uf3lica em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. No segundo experimento, \ue1pices caulinares e segmentos nodais foram cultivados em meio base MS e meio WPM. Os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento com fotoper\uedodo de 16 horas de luz e intensidade luminosa de 20 \u3bcmol.m2.s-1, fornecidas por l\ue2mpada fluorescente branca fria e temperatura de 25 \ub1 3\ub0C. A UE foi composta por um frasco de vidro de 150 mL contendo 30 mL de meio nutritivo e um explante. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (meio nutritivo e tipo de explante) com cinco repeti\ue7\uf5es por tratamento, cada repeti\ue7\ue3o consistindo de quatro UE. Aos 49 dias de cultivo avaliaram-se as seguintes vari\ue1veis: sobreviv\ueancia, estabelecimento, presen\ue7a de raiz, presen\ue7a de calos, n\ufamero de n\uf3s, n\ufamero de folhas e altura da parte a\ue9rea (mm). Os dados de presen\ue7a de raiz, presen\ue7a de calo, sobreviv\ueancia e estabelecimento foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado. As demais vari\ue1veis foram submetidas \ue0 an\ue1lise de vari\ue2ncia. Neste experimento, o meio base MS \ue9 mais eficiente que o WPM no estabelecimento in vitro de canaf\uedstula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). N\ue3o existem diferen\ue7as entre a utiliza\ue7\ue3o dos explantes \ue1pice caulinar e segmento nodal.Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. is a heliopylous, a native forest species with wide geografic dispersion, occuping a pioneer role in open areas, hencoops and degradated woods. Showing a fast growth, it adapts easily and it is highly recommended for homogeneous reforest. The timber is used in industrial furniture, civilian, naval and military constructions. The micropropagation is a technique used succesfully, allowing a fast increase of the number of plants genetically identical considering the superior types. The work's objectives are: to evaluate the effect of the light on phenolic oxydation and to determinate the most appropriate nutritive medium and type of explant for in vitro establishment of Peltophorum dubium. Two experiments were accomplished. In the first one, apical segments were cultivated in MS base medium at 25\ub13\ub0C, during seven days in the dark; after that, they remained in the presence of light (photoperiod of 16h) for 14 days. In the other treatment, the explants stayed under light during the whole experiment (21 days). Completely random design with five replicates and four experimental units (EU) were used. Phenolic oxydation did not occur in any of the analyzed treatments. In the second assay, apical segments and nodal segments were cultivated in MS base medium and WPM medium. The explants stayed in the growth room during 16h of photoperiod and luminous intensity of 20 \u3bcmol.m2.s-1, supplied with cool white fluorescent lamps, at 25\ub13\ub0C. The EU was composed by one 150mL flask with 30mL of nutritive medium and one explant. Completely random design with factorial outline 2 x 2 (nutritive medium and type of explant) and five replicates by treatment, each replicate with four EU, were used. After 49 days, the following elements were evaluated: survival, establishment, root presence, calli presence, numbers of nodes, number of leaves and shoot height (mm). The data of survival, establishment, root presence and calli presence were analyzed for qui-quadrado test. The other variables were submitted to variance analysis. In this experiment, MS base medium is more efficient than WPM medium in the in vitro establishment of Peltophorum dubium. There are no statistical differences among apical segment and nodal segment

Open, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted hepatectomy in resection of liver tumors : a non-systematic review.

Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, in?meros fatores transformaram as hepatectomias em opera??es mais seguras. A quimioterapia, juntamente com novas drogas para o tratamento de met?stases propiciaram melhores respostas, o que possibilitou a indica??o cir?rgica em pacientes que inicialmente n?o eram candidatos a ela. Les?es hep?ticas muitas vezes requerem ressec??o, que pode ser realizada tanto por laparotomia, por videolaparoscopia ou assistida por plataforma rob?tica.Several factors have made hepatectomy an increasingly safe surgery and new drugs allowed surgical treatment for patients who initially were not candidates for resection. Lesions often require resection, which can be performed by open, laparoscopic, or robotic assisted hepatectomy

Dengue Virus Type 4 Phylogenetics in Brazil 2011: Looking beyond the Veil

Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever are diseases affecting approximately 100 million people/year and are a major concern in developing countries. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationship of six strains of the first autochthonous cases of DENV-4 infection occurred in Sao Paulo State, Parana State and Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2011 were studied. Nucleotide sequences of the envelope gene were determined and compared with sequences representative of the genotypes I, II, III and Sylvatic for DEN4 retrieved from GenBank. We employed a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Brazilian DENV-4 and we estimated evolutionary rates and dates of divergence for DENV-4 found in Brazil in 2011. All samples sequenced in this study were located in Genotype II. The studied strains are monophyletic and our data suggest that they have been evolving separately for at least 4 to 6 years. Our data suggest that the virus might have been present in the region for some time, without being noticed by Health Surveillance Services due to a low level of circulation and a higher prevalence of DENV-1 and DENV- 2