Frequência e etiologia da mastite caprina na região do Cariri paraibano

Com o objetivo de estimar a freqüência da mastite caprina e de identificar os principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos na infecção da glândula mamária de cabras leiteiras na Região do Cariri Paraibano, foram examinadas 654 metades mamárias de 327 cabras, provenientes de 15 propriedades. A glândula mamária das cabras em lactação foi examinada e o leite submetido aos testes da caneca telada e do CMT. Nenhuma metade mamária apresentou alteração no exame clínico. Das 654 amostras de leite analisadas, uma (0,15%) apresentou alteração no teste da caneca telada, indicando mastite clínica, e 201 (30,70%) apresentaram algum grau de gelificação (1+, 2+ ou 3+) no teste do CMT, sendo procedida à coleta para lactocultura. Das 201 amostras cultivadas, 45 (22,39%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano. 6,88% (45/654) das glândulas mamárias examinadas apresentavam mastite subclínica. Na lactocultura, isolouse Staphylococcus spp (84,44%), Streptococcus spp (4,44%), Bacillus spp. (4,44%), Micrococcus spp. (4,44%) e Bastonete Gram negativo (2,22%). Conclui-se que a mastite caprina na região do Cariri Paraibano apresenta o mesmo padrão de outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo, tendo o Staphylococcus spp. como principal agente causal; e que o CMT pode ser utilizado como teste de triagem da saúde da glândula mamária caprina, mas a lactocultura é o método mais indicado para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em cabras leiteiras

Candida glabrata : a review of its features and resistance

Candida species belong to the normal microbiota of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal and vaginal tracts, and are responsible for several clinical manifestations, from mucocutaneous overgrowth to bloodstream infections. Once believed to be non-pathogenic, Candida glabrata was rapidly blamable for many human diseases. Year after year, these pathological circumstances are more recurrent and problematic to treat, especially when patients reveal any level of immunosuppression. These difficulties arise from the capacity of C. glabrata to form biofilms and also from its high resistance to traditional antifungal therapies. Thus, this review intends to present an excerpt of the biology, epidemiology, and pathology of C. glabrata, and detail an approach to its resistance mechanisms based on studies carried out up to the present.The authors are grateful to strategic project PTDC/SAU-MIC/119069/2010 for the financial support to the research center and for Celia F. Rodrigues' grant

Railway-induced ground vibrations – a review of vehicle effects

This paper is a review of the effect of vehicle characteristics on ground- and track borne-vibrations from railways. It combines traditional theory with modern thinking and uses a range of numerical analysis and experimental results to provide a broad analysis of the subject area. First, the effect of different train types on vibration propagation is investigated. Then, despite not being the focus of this work, numerical approaches to vibration propagation modelling within the track and soil are briefly touched upon. Next an in-depth discussion is presented related to the evolution of numerical models, with analysis of the suitability of various modelling approaches for analysing vehicle effects. The differences between quasi-static and dynamic characteristics are also discussed with insights into defects such as wheel/rail irregularities. Additionally, as an appendix, a modest database of train types are presented along with detailed information related to their physical attributes. It is hoped that this information may provide assistance to future researchers attempting to simulate railway vehicle vibrations. It is concluded that train type and the contact conditions at the wheel/rail interface can be influential in the generation of vibration. Therefore, where possible, when using numerical approach, the vehicle should be modelled in detail. Additionally, it was found that there are a wide variety of modelling approaches capable of simulating train types effects. If non-linear behaviour needs to be included in the model, then time domain simulations are preferable, however if the system can be assumed linear then frequency domain simulations are suitable due to their reduced computational demand