Comparison of lung function during different phases of the menstrual cycle among young female asthmatics and non-asthmatics

Bronchial asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes significant morbidity and poor quality of life. The incidence of asthma is higher in boys before puberty and higher in females following puberty. Female preponderance is maintained into adulthood and morbidity due to asthma is greater in females. With this background we assessed the lung function with spirometry parameters of young asthmatic and non-asthmatic healthy females during different phases of the menstrual cycle. A case control study was conducted among well controlled asthmatic (N=60) and comparable (age and BMI matched) non – asthmatic healthy females (N=60) between 19 -25 years from June 2017- June 2020. The asthmatics were recruited from the asthma clinic, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, the Family Practice Centre and the medical Centre, University of Sri Jayewardenepura (USJ) while the non-asthmatic females (controls) were recruited from volunteering undergraduates of the university. Although ethnicity was not a criterion for recruitment of participants, the final recruited participants were all from the Sinhalese ethnicity. The sociodemographic data and the relevant information on asthma were obtained through an interviewer administered questionnaire. Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and Forced Expiratory Flow Rates, were measured during menstrual, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Spirometry parameters (means), were compared in asthmatics and non-asthmatics, with independent sample t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze differences within the menstrual cycle within the groups. In all three phases, all spirometry parameters (except FVC) were lower in asthmatics (p<0.05). The spirometry parameters showed a cyclical pattern but did not change significantly between the three phases of the menstrual cycle in both groups. In asthmatics, the mean values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, FEF 25-75, FEF50, FEF75 were lowest in the menstrual phase and highest in the luteal phase and in non-asthmatics, the FEV1 was lowest in the menstrual phase and highest in the luteal phase.   KEYWORDS:  menstrual cycle, lung functions, spirometry, asthma, young female

Multi-objective optimization of rural water supply system

[EN] Lack of water in water supply systems forces people to take risk behaviors to health, which is very common in rural water supply systems (WSS-rural). The objective of this research was to develop and apply a multi-objective optimization model for WSS-rural in the county of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The research methodology consisted of: (1) formulation of the optimization model (OM); (2) application of OM; (3) analysis of results; and (4) computer implementation of OM. To solve the problem, it was proposed and used a load loss generator part. It was found that the problem of water shortage can be solved by small operational and structural modifications. It was developed a multi-objective OM for WSS-rural based on Multi-objective Nonlinear Integer Programming technique (MONLIP) implemented in OpenOffice.org environment. The developed OM was applied to a real case with satisfactory results.[PT] A falta de água em sistemas de abastecimento de água obriga a população a assumir comportamentos de risco à saúde, o que é muito frequente em sistemas de abastecimento de água rural (SAA-rural). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver e aplicar um modelo de otimização multiobjetivo para SAA-rural no município de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A metodologia de pesquisa constou de: (1) formulação do modelo de otimização (MO); (2) aplicação do MO; (3) análise de resultados; e (4) implementação computacional do MO. Para resolução do problema, foi proposta e utilizada uma peça geradora de perda de carga. Constatou-se que o problema de falta de água pode ser resolvido por meio de pequenas modificações operacionais e estruturais. Foi desenvolvido um MO multiobjetivo para SAA-rural, baseado na técnica de Programação Não Linear Inteira Multiobjetivo (PNLIMO) implementado em ambiente OpenOffice.org. 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Microbiological Quality Assessment of Rural Drinking Water Supplies in Iran. Journal of Agriculture & Social Sciences, 3(1), 31-33.Souza, K.S., Dutra, L.K.A., Rêgo, N.F.L., Silva, J.F. (2015). Levantamento das condições de saneamento na comunidade km 32, zona rural de Barreiras-BA. Anais do 21° Simpósio Brasileiro de Recursos Hídricos, Novembro 22-27, Brasília. Brasil, 1-8.Tsutiya, M.T. (2006). Redes de distribuição de água. Em: Abastecimento de água (M.T. Tsutiya, ed.). PHA-EPUSP, São Paulo, São Paulo, BRA, 389-455.Xie, X.F., Zhang, W.J., Yang, Z.L., (2002). Social cognitive optimization for nonlinear programming problems. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, November 4-5, Beijing, CHN, 779-783.Zyl, J.E., Savic, D.A., Walters, G.A. (2004). Operational optimization of water distribution systems using a hybrid genetic algorithm. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 130(2), 160-170. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:2(160