The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The changing epidemiology of Acinetobacter spp. producing MA. carbapenemases causing bloodstream infections in Brazil: a BrasNet report

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015Merieux Research Grants - Institut MerieuxWe evaluated the epidemiology of Acinetobacter spp. recovered from patients diagnosed with bloodstream infections in 9 tertiary hospitals located in all Brazilian geographic regions between April and August 2014. Although OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii clones were disseminated in most hospitals, it was observed for the first time the spread of OXA-72 among clonally related A. baumannii isolated from distinct hospitals. Interestingly, Acinetobacter pittii was the most frequent species found in a Northern region hospital. Contrasting with the multisusceptible profile displayed by A. pittii isolates, the tetracyclines and polymyxins were the only antimicrobials active against all A. baumannii isolates. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.[Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza R.] Lab Nacl Comp Cient LNCC MCTI, Petropolis, RJ, Brazil[Barth, Afonso L.; Zavascki, Alexandre P.] Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Lab Pesquisa Resistencia Bacteriana LABRESIS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil[Gales, Ana C.; Furtado, Guilherme H. C.; da Silva, Juliana O.; Correa, Luci; Cayo, Rodrigo; Martins, Willames M. B. S.] Univ Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Disciplina Infectol, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil[Levin, Anna S.; Rossi, Flavia; Silva, Mariama T.; Oliveira, Maura S.; Dalben, Mirian F.; Santos, Sania A.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Med Trop USP LIM 54, Dept Patol LIM 03, Hosp Clin,Fac Med, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil[Lucarevschi, Bianca R.; Moreira, Marina] Universidade de Taubaté (Unitau) , Dept Med[Cabral, Blenda G.; Brasiliense, Danielle M.; Carneiro, Irna Carla R. S.; Lima, Karla V. B.; da Conceicao, Marilia L.] Fundacao Santa Casa Misericordia Para UFPA, Belem, Para, Brazil[Cabral, Blenda G.; Brasiliense, Danielle M.; Carneiro, Irna Carla R. S.; Lima, Karla V. B.; da Conceicao, Marilia L.] Inst Evandro Chagas SVS MS, Belem, Para, Brazil[Ribeiro, Julival; Guzman, Ricardo D.] Hosp Base, Brasilia, DF, Brazil[Correa, Luci; Martino, Marines D. V.] Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil[Correa, Luci; Martino, Marines D. V.] Fac Ciencias Med Santa Casa Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil[Britto, Maria H.; de Freitas, Manse R.; Morais, Rosangela] Univ Fed Rio Grande Norte UFRN, Ctr Patol Clin, Natal, RN, Brazi