Infecção viral respiratória e os efeitos do clima e poluição atmosférica em pacientes sintomáticos respiratórios atendidos em sala de emergência

Base teórica: Infecções virais respiratórias são as causas mais comuns de infecções respiratórias, levando a níveis significativos de morbidade e mortalidade. A prevalência de vírus respiratórios em adultos é amplamente subestimada, já que os dados relevantes dizem respeito a crianças. Variações meteorológicas e poluição do ar provavelmente desempenham um papel nessas infecções. Objetivos: Determinar a proporção de visitas à emergência por síndrome gripal (SG) e síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) e avaliar a associação entre a frequência de SG/SRAG, a prevalência de vírus respiratórios e fatores meteorológicos/poluição do ar, especialmente na população adulta. Métodos: 11.953 hospitalizações (adultos e crianças) por sintomas respiratórios foram correlacionadas com parâmetros meteorológicos e a concentração de poluentes do ar. Em um subgrupo de pacientes adultos (n=410) com sintomas respiratórios iniciados há menos de 5 dias, aspirados de nasofaringe foram coletados e analisados através do teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Os dados foram analisados usando análise de séries temporais Resultados: SG e SRAG foram diagnosticas em 3.698 (30,9%) e 2.063 (17,7%) pacientes, respectivamente. Trinta e sete (9,0%) amostras foram positivas pela IFI. Tosse, sibilância, uso de ar condicionado em casa ou no trabalho e casos de SG/SRAG foram mais frequentes em pacientes com IFI positiva do que nos pacientes com IFI negativa. Em um modelo de regressão logística multivariada, a positividade da IFI foi estatisticamente associada com umidade absoluta, uso de ar condicionado em casa ou no trabalho e a presença de mofo em casa. Nos modelos de séries temporais multivariadas, a insolação foi a única covariável independente que foi significativamente associada com a frequência de casos de SG. No modelo para os casos de SRAG, as seguintes variáveis demonstraram ser significativas: temperatura média (β = 0,399; p = 0,025), insolação (β = - 0,392; p = 0,007), umidade relativa (β = - 0,098; p = 0,05) e a concentração média de poluentes (β = - 0,079; p 9 = 0,018). Conclusões: Encontramos que em adultos admitidos na sala de emergência com queixas respiratórias, pelo menos 9% das infecções foram causadas por vírus respiratórios. As correlações encontradas entre variáveis meteorológicas, poluição do ar, casos de SG/SRAG e vírus respiratórios demonstraram a relevância dos fatores climáticos como contribuintes subjacentes significativos para a prevalência de infecções virais respiratórias em uma região temperada.Background: Respiratory viral infections are the most common causes of respiratory infections, leading to significant levels of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults is largely underestimated, as relevant data mostly concern infants and children Meteorological variations and air pollution are likely to play a key role in these infections. Objectives: To determine the proportion of emergency room visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and to evaluate the association between ILI/SARI frequency, respiratory virus prevalence and meteorological factors/air pollution, especially in adult population. Methods: 11,953 hospitalizations (adults and children) for respiratory symptoms were correlated with meteorological parameters and concentration of air pollutants. In a subset of adult patients (n=410) with respiratory symptoms within 5 days of onset, nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and analyzed through indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) test. The data were analyzed using time-series analysi Results: ILI and SARI were diagnosed in 3,698 (30.9%) and 2,063 (17.7%) patients, respectively. Thirty seven (9.0%) samples were positive by IFI. Cough, wheezing, use of air conditioning at home or at work, and ILI/SARI cases were more frequent in patients with IFI positive than in patients with IFI negative. In a multivariate logistic regression model, IFI positivity was statistically associated with absolute humidity, use of air conditioning at home or at work, and presence of mold in home. In the multivariate time-series models, sunshine duration was the only independent covariate that was significantly associated with the frequency of ILI cases. In the model for SARI cases, the following variables proved to be significant: mean temperature (β = 0.399; p = 0.025), sunshine duration (β = - 0.392; p = 0.007), relative humidity (β = - 0.098; p = 0.05), and mean concentration of pollutants (β = - 0.079; p = 0.018). Conclusions: we found that in adult patients admitted to emergency room with respiratory complaints, at least 9% of infections were caused by respiratory viruses. The 11 correlations found among meteorological variables, air pollution, ILI/SARI cases, and respiratory viruses demonstrated the relevance of climate factors as significant underlying contributors to the prevalence of respiratory virus infections in a temperate region

Coronavirus disease-19 : an interim evidence Synthesis of the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (Waidid)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly evolving, highly transmissible, and potentially lethal pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of June 11 2020, more than 7,000,000 COVID-19 cases have been reported worldwide, and more than 400,000 patients have died, affecting at least 188 countries. While literature on the disease is rapidly accumulating, an integrated, multinational perspective on clinical manifestations, immunological effects, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19 can be of global benefit. We aimed to synthesize the most relevant literature and experiences in different parts of the world through our global consortium of experts to provide a consensus-based document at this early stage of the pandemic

Screening for tuberculosis in migrants : a survey by the global tuberculosis network

Tuberculosis (TB) does not respect borders, and migration confounds global TB control and elimination. Systematic screening of immigrants from TB high burden settings and-to a lesser degree TB infection (TBI)-is recommended in most countries with a low incidence of TB. The aim of the study was to evaluate the views of a diverse group of international health professionals on TB management among migrants. Participants expressed their level of agreement using a six-point Likert scale with different statements in an online survey available in English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian. The survey consisted of eight sections, covering TB and TBI screening and treatment in migrants. A total of 1055 respondents from 80 countries and territories participated between November 2019 and April 2020. The largest professional groups were pulmonologists (16.8%), other clinicians (30.4%), and nurses (11.8%). Participants generally supported infection control and TB surveillance established practices (administrative interventions, personal protection, etc.), while they disagreed on how to diagnose and manage both TB and TBI, particularly on which TBI regimens to use and when patients should be hospitalised. The results of this first knowledge, attitude and practice study on TB screening and treatment in migrants will inform public health policy and educational resources

Clinical standards for the management of adverse effects during treatment for TB

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects (AE) to TB treatment cause morbidity, mortality and treatment interruption. The aim of these clinical standards is to encourage best practise for the diagnosis and management of AE.METHODS: 65/81 invited experts participated in a Delphi process using a 5-point Likert scale to score draft standards.RESULTS: We identified eight clinical standards. Each person commencing treatment for TB should: Standard 1, be counselled regarding AE before and during treatment; Standard 2, be evaluated for factors that might increase AE risk with regular review to actively identify and manage these; Standard 3, when AE occur, carefully assessed and possible allergic or hypersensitivity reactions considered; Standard 4, receive appropriate care to minimise morbidity and mortality associated with AE; Standard 5, be restarted on TB drugs after a serious AE according to a standardised protocol that includes active drug safety monitoring. In addition: Standard 6, healthcare workers should be trained on AE including how to counsel people undertaking TB treatment, as well as active AE monitoring and management; Standard 7, there should be active AE monitoring and reporting for all new TB drugs and regimens; and Standard 8, knowledge gaps identified from active AE monitoring should be systematically addressed through clinical research.CONCLUSION: These standards provide a person-centred, consensus-based approach to minimise the impact of AE during TB treatment.CONTEXTE : Les effets indésirables (AE) du traitement de la TB sont une cause de morbidité, de mortalité et d’interruption du traitement. L’objectif de ces normes cliniques est d’encourager une meilleure pratique en matière de diagnostic et de prise en charge des AE. MÉTHODES : Ont participé 65/81 experts invités à un processus Delphi utilisant une échelle de Likert en 5 points pour évaluer des ébauches de normes. RÉSULTATS : Nous avons identifié huit normes cliniques. Chaque personne commençant un traitement antituberculeux devrait : Norme 1, être informée des AE avant et pendant le traitement ; Norme 2, être évaluée afin de détecter tout facteur susceptible d’augmenter le risque d’AE et faire l’objet d’un examen régulier afin d’identifier et de prendre en charge ces facteurs de manière proactive ; Norme 3, en cas d’AE, être évaluée avec soin et tenir compte d’éventuelles réactions allergiques ou d’hypersensibilité ; Norme 4, recevoir des soins appropriés pour minimiser la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux AE ; Norme 5, reprendre les médicaments antituberculeux après un AE grave selon un protocole standardisé avec une surveillance active de l’innocuité des médicaments ; Norme 6, les agents de santé doivent être formés aux AE, y compris à la manière de conseiller les personnes qui suivent un traitement antituberculeux, ainsi qu’à la surveillance et à la prise en charge actives des AE ; Norme 7 : tous les nouveaux médicaments et schémas antituberculeux doivent faire l’objet d’une surveillance active des AE et d’une notification ; et Norme 8 : les lacunes en matière de connaissances identifiées grâce à la surveillance active des AE doivent être systématiquement comblées par la recherche clinique. CONCLUSION : Ces normes fournissent une approche centrée sur la personne et fondée sur le consensus afin de minimiser l’impact des AE pendant le traitement de la TB

Clinical standards for drug-susceptible pulmonary TB

BACKGROUND: The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice´ for diagnosis, treatment and management of drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (PTB). METHODS: A panel of 54 global experts in the field of TB care, public health, microbiology, and pharmacology were identified; 46 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all 46 participants. RESULTS: Seven clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, all patients (adult or child) who have symptoms and signs compatible with PTB should undergo investigations to reach a diagnosis; Standard 2, adequate bacteriological tests should be conducted to exclude drug-resistant TB; Standard 3, an appropriate regimen recommended by WHO and national guidelines for the treatment of PTB should be identified; Standard 4, health education and counselling should be provided for each patient starting treatment; Standard 5, treatment monitoring should be conducted to assess adherence, follow patient progress, identify and manage adverse events, and detect development of resistance; Standard 6, a recommended series of patient examinations should be performed at the end of treatment; Standard 7, necessary public health actions should be conducted for each patient. We also identified priorities for future research into PTB. CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards will help to improve patient care by guiding clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment for PTB.CONTEXTE : L’objectif de ces normes cliniques est de fournir des conseils sur les ‘‘meilleures pratiques’’ en matière de diagnostic, de traitement et de prise en charge de la tuberculose pulmonaire (PTB) pharmacosensible. MÉTHODES : Un panel de 54 experts mondiaux dans le domaine des soins antituberculeux, de la santé publique, de la microbiologie et de la pharmacologie a été identifié ; 46 ont participé à un processus Delphi. Une échelle de Likert en 5 points a été utilisée pour noter les projets de normes. Le document final représente le large consensus et a été approuvé par les 46 participants. RÉSULTATS : Sept normes cliniques ont été définies : Norme 1, tous les patients (adultes ou enfants) qui présentent des symptômes et des signes compatibles avec une PTB doivent subir des examens pour parvenir a un diagnostic ; Norme 2, des tests bactériologiques adéquats doivent être effectués pour exclure une TB résistante aux médicaments ; Norme 3, un régime convenable recommandé par l’OMS et les directives nationales pour le traitement de la PTB doit être identifié ; Norme 4, une éducation et des conseils sur la santé doivent être dispensés à chaque patient commençant le traitement ; Norme 5, un suivi du traitement doit être effectué pour évaluer l’adhésion, suivre les progrès du patient, identifier et gérer les effets indésirables et détecter le développement de la résistance ; Norme 6, une série recommandée d’examens du patient doit être effectuée à la fin du traitement ; Norme 7, les actions de santé publique nécessaires doivent être menées pour chaque patient. Nous avons également identifié les priorités pour les recherches futures sur la PTB. CONCLUSION : Ces normes cliniques consensuelles contribueront á améliorer la prise en charge des patients en guidant les cliniciens et les responsables de programmes dans la planification et la mise en œuvre de mesures localement appropriées pour un traitement optimal de la PTB centré sur la personne

Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs

BACKGROUND: Optimal drug dosing is important to ensure adequate response to treatment, prevent development of drug resistance and reduce drug toxicity. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice´ for dosing and management of TB drugs.METHODS: A panel of 57 global experts in the fields of microbiology, pharmacology and TB care were identified; 51 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all participants.RESULTS: Six clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, defining the most appropriate initial dose for TB treatment; Standard 2, identifying patients who may be at risk of sub-optimal drug exposure; Standard 3, identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicity and how best to manage this risk; Standard 4, identifying patients who can benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM); Standard 5, highlighting education and counselling that should be provided to people initiating TB treatment; and Standard 6, providing essential education for healthcare professionals. In addition, consensus research priorities were identified.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based Clinical Standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs to guide clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment to improve patient care.CONTEXTE : Une posologie optimale est importante afin de garantir une réponse adéquate au traitement, de prévenir le développement de résistances aux médicaments et de réduire la toxicité liée aux médicaments. L’objectif de ces normes cliniques est de donner des indications de « bonne pratique » en matière de posologie et de gestion des agents antituberculeux. MÉTHODES : Un panel de 57 experts internationaux spécialisés en microbiologie, pharmacologie et soins antituberculeux a été identifié ; 51 ont participé à un processus Delphi. Une échelle de Likert à 5 points a été utilisée pour noter les premières ébauches des normes. Le document final est fondé sur un large consensus puisqu’il a été approuvé par tous les participants. RÉSULTATS : Six normes cliniques ont été définies : Norme 1, définir la dose initiale la mieux adaptée au traitement de la TB ; Norme 2, identifier les patients potentiellement à risque d’exposition sous-optimale aux médicaments ; Norme 3, identifier les patients à risque de développer une toxicité liée aux médicaments et déterminer comment diminuer au mieux ce risque ; Norme 4, identifier les patients pouvant bénéficier d’un suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique (TDM) ; Norme 5, définir les informations et conseils à fournir aux patients placés sous traitement antituberculeux et Norme 6, enseigner les fondamentaux aux professionnels de santé. Les priorités de recherche ont également été définies, sur la base d’un consensus. CONCLUSION : Il s’agit des premières normes cliniques, fondées sur un consensus, en matière de posologie et de gestion des antituberculeux. Elles ont pour objectif d’orienter les cliniciens et les responsables de programme en matière de planification et de mise en place de mesures locales adéquates pour un traitement optimal centré sur le patient, afin d’améliorer la prise en charge