Witches, pagans and historians:an extended review of Max Dashu, <i>Witches and Pagans: Women in European Folk Religion, 700-1000 </i>

Additional file 4: Table S4. DEGs associated with the HB sources but not with the behavior. A modified t-test was performed on the log-transformed transcription ratios gained from 82 hybridizations. Oligo Ids, Gene Ids, and Comments are quoted from the UIUC Honey bee oligo 13 K v1 annotation file (May 2007)

Box plots display the uncapping engagement and performance of L1 and L2 bees (shown in blue) and H1 and H2 bees (shown in red) in the mixed L/H, pure L and pure H bee groups.

<p>(A) The proportions (%) of L1 or L2 and H1 and H2 bees that engaged in the uncapping task in the different cages. (B) The counts of uncapping acts per L1 or L2 and H1 and H2 bee that engaged in the uncapping task in the different cages. The differences between L and H bees in the mixed and pure groups in (A) and (B) were compared by <i>MWU</i>-tests (* denotes <i>P</i><0.05, <i>n</i> = 12).</p

The distribution of H bee and L bee uncapping activities among the 105 uncapped brood cells in mixed L/H bee groups.

<p>We used the relative proportion of H to L bee acts in the mixed groups ( = 0.26) as an estimate of the probability of H bees performing an uncapping activity relative to L bee uncapping activity among the 105 uncapped cells. We used the binomial distribution to estimate the expected number of cells at which 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 uncapping acts would be expected from H bees in relation to L bee acts. On average, four bees in the mixed groups engaged in the uncapping task at a single cell. The observed and expected numbers of cells in the different categories were compared with a <i>χ²</i>-test (<i>df</i> = 4; <i>P</i> = 0.12). Power for this test is 0.99 for ω = 0.5.</p

Group behavioral uncapping responses in the mixed L/H and pure L and H bee cages.

<p>(A) The number of workers that engaged in uncapping tasks per treated brood cell (boxplot; combined data from different cages). Numbers represent cumulative data from all cages. Medians were compared with the <i>Median</i>-test; * denotes <i>P</i><0.05, and ** denotes <i>P</i><0.005. (B) The number of uncapped and non-uncapped cells in a colony as a measure of colony-level performance. The expected value in mixed cages was calculated based on the additive combination of the pure L and H bee colony outcomes and the relative contributions of bees in the mixed cages. * denotes <i>P</i><0.02. We identified 105 treated brood cells at which bees engaged in uncapping behavior, which were analyzed in (A), and 108 treated brood that were actually uncapped in the different genotypic mixed groups.</p

Model of the indirect genetic effects on behavioral responsiveness and gene expression in the brain.

<p>Model of the indirect genetic effects on behavioral responsiveness and gene expression in the brain.</p

Modules of co-regulated transcripts identified among the 943 candidate genes that exhibited altered expression in the combined condition of behavior and genotypic mixing.

<p>|<i>r^—</i>| denotes the average correlation as estimated from the mean of all pairwise correlations of transcripts within a module. B denotes the condition of behavior, and C represents the condition of genotypic mixing. Relative proportions were calculated from the entire set of pairwise correlations within the modules. The percentage of identified orthologs in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> was obtained from the UIUC Honey Bee oligo 13K v1 annotation file (May 2007).</p

Hygienic behavior of honeybee workers in the Low (L), High (H), and Low/High (L/H) mixed groups.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the experimental setup of the cages. Newly emerged L and H worker bees from the two L (L1 and L2) and two H (H1 and H2) genetic hygienic behavior sources were used to establish mixed L/H, pure L and pure H bee cages. Each cage consisted of ∼500 individually marked bees. L bees are shown in blue, and H bees are shown in red. (B) An example of a worker (tag no. 89) that engaged in uncapping behavior. The hygienic behavior of ∼12-day-old workers was monitored for 12 hours in a brood comb that contained ∼33 pin-killed pupae and control brood cells.</p