Genetički resursi ječma (Hordeum sativum Jess.) u Crnoj Gori

Barley, along with wheat, is the oldest cultivated plant. As a polymorphic culture, barley has the largest distribution areal among all the grains. On Balkans, cultural forms of barley came at the same time as wheat, thus were grown even before the arrival of the Slavs. Local populations of spring two-row barley were grown in many mountain areas of Montenegro, while the multi-row barley was grown in southern regions as winter crop. However, in last thirty years, introduction of high technologies and high yielding selections led rapid disappearing of local populations of barley from the production. Local populations of spring two-row barleys are grown today on very small and remote rural areas, while the six-rowed forms completely disappeared from farmers' fields. The first organized research done on diversity of barley was carried out in 2009 and 2010, when 10 local populations were collected in number of municipalities. All collected varieties are spring varieties, nine belong to the two-row group, and one to the group of six row barleys. The results of the study of some domestic barley populations showed that with improved agrotechnology significantly higher yields can be achieved compared to those obtained growing barley in traditional crop production system. Growing impact of climate change will require breeding of improved, more productive and more resistant varieties for specific regions of production. Since these materials have broad adaptive capacity, it is expected considerable use of these materials in future breeding programs. Therefore, the study of domestic barley varieties should continue in the future, in order to put at disposal as many information on the genetic, phenotypic and usability traits to potential users.Ječam, zajedno sa pšenicom, pripada grupi najstarijih ratarskih biljaka. Kao veoma polimorfna kultura, ima najveći areal rasprostranjenja među svim žitima. Kulturni oblici ječma došli su na područje Balkana u isto vrijeme kada i pšenica, što znači da su se ovdje uzgajali i prije dolaska Slovena. Lokalne populacije jarih dvorednih ječmova gajene su u mnogim planinskim oblastima Crne Gore, dok je višeredni ječam, kao ozima kultura, gajen u južnim predjelima. Međutim, u posljednjih tridesetak godina, sa dolaskom intenzivnih tehnologija i visokoprinosnih selekcija, lokalne populacije su počele da ubrzano nestaju iz proizvodnje. Lokalne populacije jarih dvorednih ječmova danas se gaje na veoma skromnim površinama i u udaljenim ruralnim predjelima, dok su ozime višeredne forme u potpunosti isčezle sa farmerskih njiva. Prva organizovana istraživanja diverziteta ječma u Crnoj Gori izvedena su 2009. i 2010. godine, kada je na teritoriji većeg broja opština kolekcionisano 10 aksešena ječma. Prema ozimosti, svi sakupljeni aksešeni su jare forme, devet aksešena pripada grupi dvorednih, a jedan šestorednim ječmovima. Rezultati proučavanja nekih lokalnih populacija pokazali su da se sa poboljšanom tehnologijom gajenja mogu ostvariti značajno veći prinosi od onih koji se dobijaju gajenjem u tradicionalnoj ratarskoj proizvodnji. Sve izraženiji uticaj klimatskih promjena zahtijevaće stvaranje boljih, rodnijih i otpornijih sorti za odgovarajuće proizvodne rejone. Pošto ovaj materijal posjeduju široku moć prilagođavanja, to u budućim programima oplemenjivanja mogu biti izvor nekih pozitivnih svojstava. Zbog toga proučavanje lokalnih populacija ječma treba nastaviti i u budućnosti, kako bi se potencijalnim korisnicima stavilo na raspolaganje što više informacija o genetičkim, fenotipskim i upotrebnim osobinama

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