XIX A. pabaigos–XX A. PRADŽIOS ESTIJOS KNYGŲPREKYBININKAI, LEIDĖJAI IR SPAUDOS DARBUOTOJAI

The article handles general developments and changes in book trade and book publishing which took place in Estonia during the second half of the 19th and in the early 20th century. The aim is to show the formation of bookshops trading with Estonian books, to analyse the activities of Estonian booksellers as publishers and their role in publishing books in the Estonian language. The paper is based on the retrospective national bibliography of Estonian books that were published from 1850 to 1917, on research literature and on the data collected by the author for her doctoral thesis.Tallinn University / Tallinn Technical University Library7 Akadeemia Road, 12611 Tallinn, EstoniaE-mail: [email protected] aptaria bendruosius Estijos knygų prekybos ir leidybos raidos bruožus, būdingus XIX amžiaus antrajai pusei ir XX amžiaus pradžiai. Jo tikslas – atskleisti Estijos knygų prekybos formavimąsi, išanalizuoti Estijos knygų prekybininkų vaidmenį leidžiant knygas estų kalba. Straipsnis remiasi Estijos retrospektyviosios nacionalinės bibiografijos (1850–1917) duomenimis, mokslinio tyrimo literatūra ir duomenimis, surinktais rengiant daktaro disertaciją.Knygos, laikraščiai ir žurnalai estų kalba atliko svarbų vaidmenį formuojant ir plėtojant tautinę savivoką ir tautinę kultūrą. Spaustuvių ir knygynų skaičius augo greitai. Kamet buvo leidžiama vis daugiau knygų estų kalba. Laikotarpio pabaigoje metinis leidinių skaičius išaugo dešimteriopai. Knygas daugiausia leido spaustuvės, knygynai, įvairios sąjungos ir patys autoriai. Bendras asmenų, susijusių tik su knygų leidyba, skaičius buvo nedidelis.1850–1917 metais buvo įkurti 263 knygynai, o 283 asmenys tapo knygynų savininkais bent kelerius metus. Knygų prekyba buvo populiari veiklos sfera, tačiau negarantavo pakankamų pajamų, todėl knygynai dažnai veikė kitose knygininkystės srityse, dažniausiai dalyvavo knygų leidyboje ir gamyboje. Iš 283 knygynų 83 taip pat dirbo kaip leidėjai. Retrospektyviosios nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenimis, knygų prekybininkai išleido 3210 knygų ir brošiūrų, o tai sudaro 22,7 proc. visos tuo laikotarpiu pasirodžiusios knygų produkcijos. Aktyviausiai knygų prekybininkai kaip leidėjai reiškėsi 1880–1900 metų laikotarpiu. Tie knygų prekybininkai, kurie pradėjo veiklą tais metais, iš viso išleido 1949 įvairius spaudos vienetus. Po 1850 m. į knygų leidybą įsitraukę knygų prekybininkai išleido 688 knygas, bet daugiausia jų (549) – Heinrichas Laakmannas. Knygų prekybininkai leidėjai, kurių veikla prasidėjo po 1901 metų, išleido tik 73 knygas. Tačiau tai nereiškia, kad XX a. pradžioje knygų prekybininkai prarado svarbą, nes tie, kurie pradėjo veiklą anksčiau, tuo metu vis dar tęsė darbą

BOOKSELLER AS A CULTURAL AGENT: BOOK TRADE IN ESTONIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The article handles general developments and changes in book trade which took place in Estonia during the second half of the 19th century. The aim is to show the formation of bookshops trading with Estonian books and to analyse the activities of Estonian booksellers.The survey is based on the research literature and on the master thesis by Signe Jantson “Raamatukaubandus Eestis aastatel 1850–1917: raamatukauplused ja nende omanikud” (Book trade in Estonia 1850–1917: bookshops and their owners) [9]. In this study great importance wasattached to the national and social origin of bookshop owners and their activities. Up to the middle of the 19th century the book production and dissemination in Estonia was in the hands of Baltic German entrepreneurs and depended on the political and economic developments not only in Russia but also in Germany. In the middle of the 19th century there were only 5 bookshops in Estonia located in bigger towns – Tallinn and Tartu. In 1870 the number of bookshops reached 13. The greater ascent can be noticed in the last decade of the period – 1870–1880 when 20 new bookshops were opened. In 1867 Heinrich Laakmann, a German origin publisher and the printing shop owner opened the first bookshop in Tartu to sell Estonian language books. The economic and political reforms as well as the national awakening movement favoured the engagement of Estonians in the sphere of book production and dissemination. Increasing publishing of Estonian language books enabled the development of trade. At the end of the national awakening period most of the bookshop owners were already of Estonian origin. Since 1870ies the number of Estonian bookshops started to grow and at the end of the 19th century they outnumbered German and Russian shops. In all over Europe book trade concentrated into the big cities (in the case of Estonia in Tallinn and Tartu), but bookshops were opened also in the rural area (small towns and villages). Altogether 263 bookshops were founded in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century and 283 persons became bookshop owners (at least for some years). These figures allow to conclude that book trade was a popular sphere of activity. The most intensive was foundation of bookshops during 1898–1904. Legally it was not difficult to get a permission to open a bookshop but only few shops (31%) operated more than ten years; most often was that small shops operated up to five years. Trading with books did not guarantee sufficient income and the bookshop owners were often engaged in other spheres, mainly in book production and publishing. Majority of the Estonian origin bookshop owners derived from the peasant families and made up the first generation in book trade business. The newcomers had not enough education nor experience in the field. The most important achievement can be seen in the fact that bookshops were opened in all over Estonia that guaranteed dissemination of Estonian language books to all stratums of the society

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC): Applicable Methods for University Libraries?

<b>Objective</b> – This article provides an overview of how university libraries research and adapt new cost accounting models, such as “activity-based costing” (ABC) and “time-driven activity-based costing” (TDABC), focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of both methods to determine which of these two is suitable for application in university libraries.<br><b>Methods</b> – This paper reviews and summarizes the literature on cost accounting and costing practices of university libraries. A brief overview of the history of cost accounting, costing, and time and motion studies in libraries is also provided. The ABC and the TDABC method, designed as a revised and easier version of the ABC by Kaplan and Anderson (Kaplan & Anderson 2004) at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the adoption and adaptation of these methods by university libraries are described, and their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their suitability for university libraries, are analyzed. <br><b>Results</b> – Cost accounting and costing studies in libraries have a long history, the first of these dating back to 1877. The development of cost accounting and time and motion studies can be seen as a natural evolution of techniques which were created to solve management problems. The ABC method is the best-known management accounting innovation of the last 20 years, and is already widely used in university libraries around the world. However, setting up an ABC system can be very costly, and the system needs to be regularly updated, which further increases its costs. The TDABC system can not only be implemented more quickly (and thus more cheaply), but also can be updated more easily than the traditional ABC, which makes the TDABC the more suitable method for university libraries.<br><b>Conclusion</b> – Both methods are suitable for university libraries. However, the ABC method can only be implemented in collaboration with an accounting department. The TDABC method can be tested and implemented by separate departments, and thus can contribute to the provision of better and more effective library services at lower costs. However, the involvement of experts in costing and accounting is recommended