Axial, coronal, and sagittal views of grand-average dipole locations of the MMNs.

<p>Bilaterally located in the superior temporal gyri, the MMN source locations were almost identical in response to the consonant, the pitch, and the double deviances. Dipole locations are indicated with respect to the Talairach coordinate system.</p

Different types of the MMN and the MMN additivity test.

*<p>The predicted double deviant MMN was computed for each subject as the sum of the consonant single deviant and the pitch single deviant MMNs at Fz.</p>†<p>There was no significant difference between the observed double MMN and the two single MMNs (<i>p</i> = .158).</p>‡<p>The predicted double MMN was smaller than the observed double MMN (<i>p</i> = .003, paired-sample <i>t</i>-test).</p

Fundamental frequency (F0) and frequency of the three first formants (F1, F2, F3) for the sung consonants in Hz.

<p>Fundamental frequency (F0) and frequency of the three first formants (F1, F2, F3) for the sung consonants in Hz.</p

The deviant – standard difference waveforms averaged across the four stimuli.

<p>The double deviant, −1.1±0.3 µV, <i>t</i>(11) = −10.938, as well as the consonant, −0.9±0.4 µV, <i>t</i>(11) = −7.428, and the pitch deviant, −0.9±0.4 µV, <i>t</i>(11) = −7.662, elicited a significant MMN at Fz.</p

The MMNs to the observed and the predicted double deviant at Fz.

<p>The observed MMN (gray line) was significantly smaller than the predicted MMN (black line), <i>t</i>(11) = 3.884, <i>p</i> = .003, indicating the single consonant and pitch deviant MMNs were underadditive.</p

Causal interactions in resting-state networks predict perceived loneliness

<div><p>Loneliness is broadly described as a negative emotional response resulting from the differences between the actual and desired social relations of an individual, which is related to the neural responses in connection with social and emotional stimuli. Prior research has discovered that some neural regions play a role in loneliness. However, little is known about the differences among individuals in loneliness and the relationship of those differences to differences in neural networks. The current study aimed to investigate individual differences in perceived loneliness related to the causal interactions between resting-state networks (RSNs), including the dorsal attentional network (DAN), the ventral attentional network (VAN), the affective network (AfN) and the visual network (VN). Using conditional granger causal analysis of resting-state fMRI data, we revealed that the weaker causal flow from DAN to VAN is related to higher loneliness scores, and the decreased causal flow from AfN to VN is also related to higher loneliness scores. Our results clearly support the hypothesis that there is a connection between loneliness and neural networks. It is envisaged that neural network features could play a key role in characterizing the loneliness of an individual.</p></div

Characteristics of literatures included in the meta-analysis and observational studies evaluating the effects of diets in HDL (mmol/l)¹.

1<p>Data were expressed as Mean ± SD; To convert from mg/dl to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586;</p>2<p>Euro-Amer (Europe and North America): UK, USA, Slovak, Australia, Germany, and Greece; Asia-Latin (Asia and Latin America): Brazil and China.</p>3<p>Cross: cross-sectional studies; Cohort: cohort studies.</p

Results of search for eligible studies.

<p>Results of search for eligible studies.</p

Forest plot of HDL-c levels among different diets.

<p>The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific SMD and 95% CI. The area of the squares reflects the study-specific weight (inverse of the variance). The diamond represents the pooled SMD and 95% CI. % weighted for random-effects.</p

Cortical representation of the four RSNs of resting state fMRI data from a group of results across all subjects.

<p>Top view: RSNs including: affective network (AfN); Visual network (VN); Dorsal attentional network (DAN), and ventral attentional network (VAN). Bottom view: The spatial correlation coefficients of 40 ICs from all subjects with respect to the four RSN templates. The largest correlations with the templates were chosen.</p