347 research outputs found
Where are the gender differences? Male priming boosts spatial skills in women
The effects of gender stereotype activation by priming on performance in a spatial task were investigated among a mixed adult sample (including students) of 161 men and women (mean age=31.90) from Austria (Europe).
They were assigned to one of four experimental groups
according to gender and stereotype activation condition.
After a male or female gender stereotype activating task,
participants worked on a test assessing mental rotation
(three-dimensional cube test, Gittler 1990). A significant
main effect of priming on the performance in the mental
rotation task emerged. Cohenâs d showed a pronounced gender difference emerging only in the female priming condition (d=.59), whereas it disappeared in the male priming condition (d=.01)
Gender-related traits as predictors of alcohol use in male German and Spanish university students
This study examined instrumental (masculine
stereotyped) and expressive (feminine stereotyped) personality traits and alcohol use among men from Germany and Spain. Participants were 161 male university students (76 German, M-age=23 years; 77 Spanish, M-age=22 years), who
completed either a daytime or a nighttime drinking questionnaire, each including a Short Form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Poisson regression analyses with latent
predictors were conducted. The trait factors and their
interactions with nationality predicted daytime and nighttime alcohol use. The results add support to the assumption that alcohol use is associated with the construction of masculinity and that internalization of traditionally female attributes protects against health-risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption
Women and computers: effects of stereotype threat on attribution of failure
This study investigated whether stereotype threat can influence womenâs attributions of failure in a computer
task. Male and female college-age students (n = 86, 16â21 years old) from Germany were asked to work on a computer task and were hinted beforehand that in this task, either (a) men usually perform better than women do (negative threat condition), or (b) women usually perform better than men do (positive condition), or (c) they received no threat or gender-related information (control group). The final part of the task was prepared to provide an experience of failure: due to a faulty USB-memory stick, completion of the task was not possible. Results suggest a stereotype threat effect on womenâs attribution of failure: in the negative threat condition, women attributed the failure more internally (to their own inability), and men more externally (to the faulty technical equipment). In the positive and control conditions, no significant gender differences in attribution emerged
Gender differences in self-reported family history of cancer A review and secondary data analysis in Cancer Medicine has the following publication status: Published as Early View
Background:
Assessment of family history of cancer (FHC) mostly relies on selfâreport. Our goal was to find out whether there is a systematic gender difference in selfâreported FHC.
Methods:
We identified nine populationâbased studies which provided statistics of FHC in men and women (N1 = 404 541). Furthermore, we analyzed data (N2 = 167 154) from several iterations of the USâbased Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We calculated the proportion of positive FHC, odds ratios (OR M/F), 95% confidence intervals, and aggregated statistics. We additionally analyzed inâdepth questions about FHC from HINTS 5 Cycle 2.
Results:
In the reviewed studies the odds of men reporting a FHC were lower compared with the odds of women with an average OR of 0.84 [0.71; 1.00] across all studies and an OR of 0.75 [0.70; 0.80] for the six studies from the US and Europe. The gender gap was replicated in our own analyses of HINTS and NHIS with an average OR of 0.75 [0.71; 0.79]. In HINTS 5 Cycle 2 men described themselves as less familiar with their FHC and less confident answering questions regarding FHC. They were also less likely to discuss FHC with family members.
Conclusions:
Menâ at least in the US and Europeâwere consistently less likely to report FHC compared with women. Future research should investigate how the assessment of FHC can be improved to reduce these differences. Health care professionals should also consider the potential for biased reporting by gender when assessing FHC
Gender differences in the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Aim: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse gender differences in COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Subject and methods: PubMed, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched (November 2020 to January 2021) for studies reporting absolute frequencies of COVID-19 vaccination intentions by gender. Averaged odds ratios comparing vaccination intentions among men and women were computed. Descriptive analyses of the studies were reported. Results: Sixty studies were included in the review and data from 46 studies (nâ=â141,550) were available for meta-analysis. A majority (58%) of papers reported men to have higher intentions to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Meta-analytic calculations showed that significantly fewer women stated that they would get vaccinated than men, OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.55). This effect was evident in several countries, and the difference was bigger in samples of health care workers than in unspecified general population samples. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis found lower vaccination intentions among women than men. This difference is discussed in the light of recent data on actual vaccination rates in different countries. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10389-021-01677-w
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