4,564 research outputs found
The Making of Modern-Day NIL Laws: The Past, Present, and Future of Amateurism and Commercialization in College Sport
The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of state laws governing collegiate student-athletes’ name, image, and likeness (NIL) rights and place the laws within the framework of the NCAA’s historic and current views on amateurism and commercialization. To accomplish such, a content analysis of the 30 existing NIL laws/executive orders was performed to identify trends in the statutes and establish what commonalities and differences exist across states. The analysis found five themes/sections common across state laws (i.e., definitions, basic NIL rules, limitations, disclosures and review processes, agent and representation rules, and required workshops). Moreover, the evaluation revealed the basic NIL rights of student-athletes are uniform across all states. However, the limitations that are placed on them and the processes they must abide by vary from state to state. Current NCAA bylaws were found to coincide with the new state laws, while still maintaining the organization’s desire for amateurism and push to minimize commercialization
Infinite Layer LaNiO(2): Ni(1+)is not Cu(2+)
The Ni ion in LaNiO has the same formal ionic configuration as
does Cu in isostructural CaCuO, but it is reported to be nonmagnetic and
probably metallic whereas CaCuO is a magnetic insulator. From ab initio
calculations we trace its individualistic behavior to (1) reduced
mixing due to an increase of the separation of site energies () of at least 2 eV, and (2) important Ni mixing with
La states that leads to Fermi surface pockets of La
character that hole-dope the Ni 3d band.Correlation effects do not appear to be
large in LaNiO. However, ad hoc increase of the intraatomic repulsion on
the Ni site (using the LDA+U method) is found to lead to a novel correlated
state: (i) the transition metal and states undergo
consecutive Mott transitions, (ii) their moments are antialigned leading
(ideally) to a "singlet" ion in which there are two polarized orbitals, and
(iii) mixing of the upper Hubbard band with the La
states leaves considerable transition metal 3d character in a band pinned to
the Fermi level. The magnetic configuration is more indicative of a Ni
ion in this limit, although the actual charge changes little with U.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure
Spin-ladders with spin gaps: A description of a class of cuprates
We investigate the magnetic properties of the Cu-O planes in stoichiometric
SrCuO (n=3,5,7,...) which consist of CuO double chains
periodically intergrown within the CuO planes. The double chains break up
the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic planes into Heisenberg spin ladders with
rungs and legs and described by
the usual antiferromagnetic coupling J inside each ladder and a weak and
frustrated interladder coupling J. The resulting lattice is a new
two-dimensional trellis lattice. We first examine the spin excitation spectra
of isolated quasi one dimensional Heisenberg ladders which exhibit a gapless
spectra when is even and is odd ( corresponding to n=5,9,...) and a
gapped spectra when is odd and is even (corresponding to
n=3,7,...). We use the bond operator representation of quantum
spins in a mean field treatment with self-energy corrections and obtain a spin
gap of for the simplest single rung ladder (n=3), in
agreement with numerical estimates.Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures upon request, REVTEX, ETH-TH/93-3
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