Expansions in non-integer bases: lower, middle and top orders

Let $q\in(1,2)$; it is known that each $x\in[0,1/(q-1)]$ has an expansion of the form $x=\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_nq^{-n}$ with $a_n\in\{0,1\}$. It was shown in \cite{EJK} that if $q<(\sqrt5+1)/2$, then each $x\in(0,1/(q-1))$ has a continuum of such expansions; however, if $q>(\sqrt5+1)/2$, then there exist infinitely many $x$ having a unique expansion \cite{GS}. In the present paper we begin the study of parameters $q$ for which there exists $x$ having a fixed finite number $m>1$ of expansions in base $q$. In particular, we show that if $q<q_2=1.71...$, then each $x$ has either 1 or infinitely many expansions, i.e., there are no such $q$ in $((\sqrt5+1)/2,q_2)$. On the other hand, for each $m>1$ there exists \ga_m>0 such that for any q\in(2-\ga_m,2), there exists $x$ which has exactly $m$ expansions in base $q$.Comment: 15 pages; to appear in J. Number Theor

Arithmetic Dynamics

This survey paper is aimed to describe a relatively new branch of symbolic dynamics which we call Arithmetic Dynamics. It deals with explicit arithmetic expansions of reals and vectors that have a "dynamical" sense. This means precisely that they (semi-) conjugate a given continuous (or measure-preserving) dynamical system and a symbolic one. The classes of dynamical systems and their codings considered in the paper involve: (1) Beta-expansions, i.e., the radix expansions in non-integer bases; (2) "Rotational" expansions which arise in the problem of encoding of irrational rotations of the circle; (3) Toral expansions which naturally appear in arithmetic symbolic codings of algebraic toral automorphisms (mostly hyperbolic). We study ergodic-theoretic and probabilistic properties of these expansions and their applications. Besides, in some cases we create "redundant" representations (those whose space of "digits" is a priori larger than necessary) and study their combinatorics.Comment: 45 pages in Latex + 3 figures in ep