Antimycobacterial potential of <i>Trachyspermum ammi</i> seed essential oil via fume contact and determination of major compounds

Trachyspermum ammi (L.), commonly known as carrom seeds or Ajwain, has been extensively studied for its medicinal properties. In this study, anti-mycobacterial effect of AEO in liquid and fume form was investigated against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Results showed that AEO inhibits the growth of M. smegmatis at 0.03 mg/mL and becomes bactericidal at 0.125 mg/mL. MICs were observed at 0.03, 0.125 and 0.06 mg/mL against M. tb (H37Rv), isoniazid- and rifampicin-resistant (RIF-R) strains. Inverted disc-fume assay revealed AEO and Thymol efficiently inhibit the growth of M. smegmatis and M. tb. Similarly, in fume contact AEO and Thymol demonstrated antibiofilm activity at a dose of 1.25 mg/mL air and 40 mg/mL air against M.smegmatis effectively. GC-MS analysis showed that Thymol was the dominant compound. These findings suggest that the use of AEO in fume form may serve as a promising strategy as an anti-mycobacterial activity against M. tb</p

Additional file 2: of Safety monitoring of ROTAVAC vaccine and etiological investigation of intussusception in India: study protocol

Table S2. Monitoring checklist for sentinel hospitals in intussusception surveillance. (DOCX 26 kb

Additional file 1: of Safety monitoring of ROTAVAC vaccine and etiological investigation of intussusception in India: study protocol

Table S1. Baseline data from sentinel hospitals included in the intussusception surveillance. (DOCX 15 kb

Distribution of Histo-Blood Group and Secretor status among norovirus GI infected and non-infected individuals.

<p>Distribution of Histo-Blood Group and Secretor status among norovirus GI infected and non-infected individuals.</p

Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Birth Cohort in Southern India - Fig 3

<p><b>Proportion (with 95% CI) of (A) stunted, (B) wasted and (C) underweight children at 12, 24 and 36 months of age.</b> The y-axis depicts the proportion of children with growth deficiency whereas the x-axis represents age in months. The point prevalence is presented as a circle and the 95% CI is represented as vertical lines. The solid vertical line represents uninfected children, the dashed and dotted lines represent those with single and multiple norovirus infections, respectively.</p

Comparison of clinical features between diarrheal episodes of single infections with norovirus and mixed infections of norovirus and other enteric pathogens.

<p>Comparison of clinical features between diarrheal episodes of single infections with norovirus and mixed infections of norovirus and other enteric pathogens.</p

Comparison of clinical characteristics between norovirus GI and GII diarrheal episodes.

<p>Comparison of clinical characteristics between norovirus GI and GII diarrheal episodes.</p

Dendrogram constructed using neighbor joining of nucleotide sequences corresponding to fragment of 468 bp of the ORF 1–2 region of the Norovirus capsid encoding gene.

<p>Bootstrap values for 10000 pseudo replicates are shown. The reference strains included for comparison with accession numbers are: Hunter284/04/AU (DQ078794), Farmington Hills/02/US (AY502023), Sakai/04-179/05/JP (AB220922), Bristol/1993/UK (X76716), Maizuru/010426/2001/JP (EF547404), M7/1999/US (AY130761), Toronto/1991/CA (AAA18930), Seacroft/1990/UK (AJ277620), Hu/SaitamaU16/197/JP (AB039778), Erfurt546/2000/DE (AF427118), Mc37/2001/TH (AY237415), Wortley/1990/UK (AJ277618), Chitta/1996/JP (AB032758), Snow Mountain/1976/US (AY134748), Melksham/95/UK (X81879), KY-89/1989/JP (L23828), Norwalk/1968/US (M87661).</p

Seasonal fluctuations in the monthly occurrence of episodes of norovirus-associated diarrhea.

<p>The y-axis represents the monthly stool positivity rates (proportion of diarrheal episodes attributed to norovirus divided by the total number of diarrheal episodes). The x-axis represents the month of the year.</p

Distribution of norovirus variants of GII.4.

<p>Distribution of norovirus variants of GII.4.</p