43 research outputs found
A Large Multi-Target Dataset of Common Bengali Handwritten Graphemes
Latin has historically led the state-of-the-art in handwritten optical
character recognition (OCR) research. Adapting existing systems from Latin to
alpha-syllabary languages is particularly challenging due to a sharp contrast
between their orthographies. The segmentation of graphical constituents
corresponding to characters becomes significantly hard due to a cursive writing
system and frequent use of diacritics in the alpha-syllabary family of
languages. We propose a labeling scheme based on graphemes (linguistic segments
of word formation) that makes segmentation in-side alpha-syllabary words linear
and present the first dataset of Bengali handwritten graphemes that are
commonly used in an everyday context. The dataset contains 411k curated samples
of 1295 unique commonly used Bengali graphemes. Additionally, the test set
contains 900 uncommon Bengali graphemes for out of dictionary performance
evaluation. The dataset is open-sourced as a part of a public Handwritten
Grapheme Classification Challenge on Kaggle to benchmark vision algorithms for
multi-target grapheme classification. The unique graphemes present in this
dataset are selected based on commonality in the Google Bengali ASR corpus.
From competition proceedings, we see that deep-learning methods can generalize
to a large span of out of dictionary graphemes which are absent during
training. Dataset and starter codes at www.kaggle.com/c/bengaliai-cv19.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 6 Tables, Submitted to CVPR-2
Characterization of Malaysian Trichoderma isolates using random amplified microsatellites (RAMS)
Trichoderma species are commercially applied as biocontrol agents against numerous plant pathogenic fungi due to their production of antifungal metabolites, competition for nutrients and space, and mycoparasitism. However, currently the identification of Trichoderma species from throughout the world based on micro-morphological descriptions is tedious and prone to error. The correct identification of Trichoderma species is important as several traits are species-specific. The Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMS) analysis done using five primers in this study showed different degrees of the genetic similarity among 42 isolates of this genus. The genetic similarity values were found to be in the range of 12.50-85.11% based on a total of 76 bands scored in the Trichoderma isolates. Of these 76 bands, 96.05% were polymorphic, 3.95% were monomorphic and 16% were exclusive bands. Two bands (250 bp and 200 bp) produced by primer LR-5 and one band (250 bp) by primer P1A were present in all the Trichoderma isolates collected from healthy and infected oil palm plantation soils. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA of the RAMS marker data showed that T. harzianum, T. virens and T. longibrachiatum isolates were grouped into different clades and lineages. In this study we found that although T. aureoviride isolates were morphologically different when compared to T. harzianum isolates, the UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the majority isolates of T. aureoviride (seven from nine) were closely related to the isolates of T. harzianum
Formation of random singlets in the nanocrystalline quasi-one-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet Sr21Bi8Cu2(CO3)2O41
Induced by quenched disorder, random-singlet states occur in a variety of
low-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnets, some of them candidates for quantum
spin liquids. Here we report measurements of the specific heat, magnetization,
and magnetic susceptibility of nanocrystalline Sr21Bi8Cu2(CO3)2O41, a
quasi-one-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet with alternating bonds. The
results uncover the predominant presence of random-singlet spin pairs in this
material, with a logarithmic probability distribution, P(J), of the
renormalized, emergent exchange interaction, J, in zero magnetic field and P(J)
proportional to 1/J in magnetic fields. We postulate that these unexpected J
dependences, in contrast to the usual P(J) \propto 1/ with 0 <
< 1, and possibly also the dichotomy, arise from the finite size of
the nanocrystals. Scaling functions for the specific heat and magnetization
reproduce our magnetocaloric-effect data, with no adjustable parameters
Revealing a 3D Fermi Surface Pocket and Electron-Hole Tunneling in UTe with Quantum Oscillations
Spin triplet superconductor UTe is widely believed to host a
quasi-two-dimensional Fermi surface, revealed by first principal calculations,
photoemission and quantum oscillation measurements. An outstanding question
still remains as to the existence of a three-dimensional Fermi surface pocket,
which is crucial for our understanding of the exotic superconducting and
topological properties of UTe. This 3D Fermi surface pocket appears in
various theoretical models with different physics origins but has not been
detected experimentally. Here for the first time, we provide concrete evidence
for a relatively isotropic, small Fermi surface pocket of UTe via quantum
oscillation measurements. In addition, we observed high frequency quantum
oscillations corresponding to electron-hole tunneling between adjacent electron
and hole pockets. The coexistence of 2D and 3D Fermi surface pockets, as well
as the breakdown orbits, provides a test bed for theoretical models and aid the
realization of a unified understanding of superconducting state of UTe
from the first-principles approach
Multidrug Resistance in Cancer: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms, Immunoprevention and Therapeutic Approaches
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several treatments are available for cancer treatment, but many treatment methods are ineffective against multidrug-resistant cancer. Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle to effective therapeutic interventions against cancer. This review describes the known MDR mechanisms in cancer cells and discusses ongoing laboratory approaches and novel therapeutic strategies that aim to inhibit, circumvent, or reverse MDR development in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, in addition to highlighting hypoxia- and autophagy-mediated drug resistance mechanisms. Several factors, including individual genetic differences, such as mutations, altered epigenetics, enhanced drug efflux, cell death inhibition, and various other molecular and cellular mechanisms, are responsible for the development of resistance against anticancer agents. Drug resistance can also depend on cellular autophagic and hypoxic status. The expression of drug-resistant genes and the regulatory mechanisms that determine drug resistance are also discussed. Methods to circumvent MDR, including immunoprevention, the use of microparticles and nanomedicine might result in better strategies for fighting cancer
Detection of a Pair Density Wave State in UTe
Although UTe is a very promising candidate material to embody bulk
topological superconductivity, its superconductive order-parameter
remains unknown. Many diverse forms for
are physically possible because, in uranium-based heavy
fermion materials, strongly hybridized flat bands of composite fermions
generate highly complex interactions. Moreover, in such materials intertwined
density waves of spin (SDW), charge (CDW) and pairs (PDW) may interpose, with
the latter state exhibiting spatially modulating superconductive
order-parameter , electron pair density and pairing
energy-gap. Hence, the newly discovered CDW state in UTe motivates the
exciting prospect that a PDW state may exist in this material. To search for a
PDW in UTe, we visualize the pairing energy-gap with -scale
energy-resolution made possible by superconductive STM tips at subkelvin
temperatures. We detect three PDWs, each with peak-peak gap modulations circa
10 and at incommensurate wavevectors that are
indistinguishable from the wavevectors of the prevenient
CDW. Concurrent visualization of the UTe superconductive PDWs and the
non-superconductive CDWs reveals that every :
pair is registered to each other spatially, but with a relative phase
. From these observations, and given UTe as a
spin-triplet superconductor, the PDW state detected here should be a
spin-triplet pair density wave. While such states do exist in superfluid
He, for superconductors they are unprecedented.Comment: 37 pages, 13 figure
Study of relationship between age and body mass index on knee osteoarthritis in advanced aged females in a divisional city of Bangladesh
Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a notable issue in senior citizens and is a burning problem worldwide. There are so many risk factors related to knee osteoarthritis but women's sex, age, and obesity are significant. The aim and objective of this study were to estimate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis among women in the age group of 46 to 65 years and the effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on knee osteoarthritis.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient department (OPD) in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, a tertiary level hospital, among females of Mymensingh, a divisional city of Bangladesh in the age group of 46 to 65 years. Purposive sampling technique used to select study subjects. A total of 100 females participated in this study in one month (July 2019-August 2019).Results: 100 participants were enlisted in the study, in the age group of 46 to 55 years 39 (39%) and 56 to 65 years 61 (61%). Total 65 (65%) participants were affected with knee osteoarthritis. Among them, 19 (29.2%) participants were in the age group of 46-55 years and 46 (70.8%) participants were in the age group of 55-65 years, thus in the advanced age group, knee osteoarthritis is remarkably more. Participants affected with knee osteoarthritis with BMI ≥25 were significantly more affected 45 (69.2%) compared with participants with normal BMI 20 (30.2%).Conclusions: Knee osteoarthritis is significantly associated with advanced age and obesity. Advanced age and overweight were strongly associated with osteoarthritis in our population. Therefore, weight reduction and preventive measures can decrease the burden and will help in minimizing morbidity associated with OA
Visual and Optical Absorbance Detection of Melamine in Milk by Melamine-Induced Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles
The present study reported a facile method for the determination of melamine in milk powder products based on the aggregation of reactant-free 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The strong electrostatic attraction between the positively charged exocyclic amine groups present in the melamine molecule and the negatively charged ions bound to the AuNPs induced aggregation of the AuNPs, resulting in visible color changes that could be seen with the naked eye and monitored by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorbance spectra. The method shows high sensitivity with detection limits of 1 × 10−9 M for visual detection and 1 × 10−11 M for UV–Vis analysis, which is far below the safety limit of melamine ingestion in infant formula (1 ppm = 7.9 × 10−6 M) and the detection limit acquired by most AuNP-based melamine detection methods. Good recoveries were obtained over the range of 94.7–95.5% with a relative standard deviation of mean recovery (RSD) ranging from 1.40 to 5.81. The method provides a simple, feasible, fast and real-time detection of melamine adulterants in infant formula by the naked eye, without the aid of advanced instruments