MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BOVINE MASTITIS CAUSED BY ESCHERICHIA COLI IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN

Objective: The following study aims at determine the prevalence of bacterial mastitis in dairy cows in Quetta, to isolate and identify E.coli from dairy cows in Quetta, characterize biochemically and test for antibiotic sensitivity along with DNA extraction and confirmation of E.coli via PCR. Methods and Materials: The milk samples were collected from different government and private dairy farms of Quetta city. The samples were streaked on MacConkey agar and kept in incubator at 37 ̊C for 24 hours. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by using disc diffusion Bauer technique and McFarland Turbidity Standard method 0.5 following CLSI protocols. The products were separated with 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide and images were documented during PCR. Results: The overall prevalence of bovine mastitis among cows and buffalos was 38% with 18 % in government and 8% in private dairy farms. Antibiotics result showed that resistant to Vancomycin ,Lincomycin , Carbenicillin, Kanamycin. The PCR amplification was positive for our isolation. Conclusion: Present study concluded that E.coli is responsible for the high rate of mastitis among cows and buffalos in Quetta city. The E.coli found in the dairy farms of the Quetta was found to be resistant to the five antibiotics. This is an alarming state indicating the rising antibiotic resistance of E.coli towards the various antibiotic drug classes. The lack of awareness of the proper cleanliness and hygiene measures at dairy farms could be denoted as the reason of the higher prevalence of the mastitis in the dairy farms of Quetta

LRRC15 suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection and controls collagen production

The coronavirus pandemic has given everyone in society an education on the harms of spread of respiratory illness. Young healthy athletes are far less likely to suffer severe adverse consequences of viral illnesses than the elderly and frail, but they are not completely immune. Chronic fatigue (overtraining) is an uncommon outcome and myocarditis a rare one, but they both warrant due consideration. It is, therefore, a sensible individual strategy to 'stay home when sick' if only for these risks. Traditionally though, athletes have tended to push through (train and play when ill) because of competing concerns, such as key events/matches and 'not wanting to let teammates down'. Data from both low COVID-19 and high COVID-19 countries show that the number of cardiovascular deaths in a society correlates with the number of respiratory deaths at the same time, further linking respiratory viruses to cardiovascular deaths. We are now more aware of public health obligations to prevent the spread of respiratory illnesses, in particular to protect the more vulnerable members the community. This hopefully will correspond with a change in the culture of sport to one where it is considered 'the right thing to do', to 'stay home when sick'