Gross and histological studies of digestive tract of broilers during postnatal growth and development

We studied anatomy and histology of different segments of the digestive tract in postnatal growing broiler chickens with regard to their location, shape, size and weight. A group of four chickens, each at day 1 (D1), days 14 (D14) and days 28 (D28), total 12, were killed, their digestive tracts were dissected and described and shape, size and weight of different segments were recorded. Samples from different segments were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin staining technique to study the histology under light microscope. The average lengths (cm) and weights (gm) of esophagus, proventriculus (glandular stomach), gizzard (muscular stomach), small intestine and large intestine were significantly higher (P<0.01) in chickens at D28 than that at D14 and at D1. The histological layers of digestive tract were lamina epithelia, lamina propria, lamina muscularis, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa with the exception in esophagus where outer adventitia was found. The esophageal glands were significantly more in numbers at D1 (in cross section, 12 in number per focus under 100x) than at D14 (6 in number per focus under 100x) and at D28 (2 in number per focus under 100x). The proventriculus consisted of macroscopic papillae with numerous microscopic folds with lamina propria comprised of simple glands, which converged into a common cavity near the surface. In gizzard, the cuticle, in the form of wavy lines ran parallel to the surface. The villi of small intestine and large intestine were lined by simple columnar epithelium. The apical parts of villi of the duodenum were slightly pointed and the basal parts of the villi were thicker than jejunum and ileum, whereas, the villi of the jejunum and ileum became shorter and broader than duodenum and most of the villi had blunt apical part and the basal parts were wider. The numbers of goblet cells were numerous in number in ileum than duodenum and jejunum. Plicae ran along the inner surface of the distal two thirds of the cacea. However, in the colorectum, the villi appeared as numerous long flat leaf-shaped structures which filled a large proportion of the lumen. The average lengths and widths of villi of small and large intestine were significantly higher (P<0.01) in chickens at D28 than that at D14 and at D1. The number of goblet cells in lamina epithelium and intestinal glands of the lamina propria were numerous in number at D28 than the chickens at D14 and at D1

Environmental health hazard of arsenic on epididymis and ductus deferens in male Black Bengal Goats

Histomorphological changes of epididymis and ductus deferens in male Black Bengal goat due to arsenic were studied. A total of 12 male Black Bengal goats, in which 6 were collected from arsenic affected areas of Mymensingh district and another 6 were collected from hill tracts of Chittagong which were arsenic free.The goats were sacrificed by piercing carotid artery and the samples (Epididymis and Ductus deferens) were collected immediately. Samples were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain technique to study the histology under light microscope. In the morphological study, measurement of length, width, breadth and weight of epididymis and ductus deferens were observed. The gross study revealed that there were slight variations in the gross morphology of epididymis and ductus deferens of arsenic affected Black Bengal goat, but this variation was statistically insignificant. In the histological study, arsenic affected goat showing increased thickness of epididymal covering (P<0.05) and trabeculae compared to control group of epididymis. The diameter of ductule efferentes of arsenic affected goat was narrower (P<0.01), width between intertubular space of ductuli efferentes was wider (P<0.01), lumen of ductules contain smaller in amount of spermatozoa compared to control group. The wall of the ductus deferens was thicker in arsenic affected goats than the control group (P<0.01). It may be concluded that environmental health hazard of arsenic might have adverse effects on the male reproductive organs