Psychoacoustic Test to Determine Sound Quality Metric Indicators of Rotorcraft Noise Annoyance

Noise certification metrics such as Effective Perceived Noise Level and Sound Exposure Level are used to ensure that helicopters meet regulations, but these metrics may not be good indicators of annoyance since noise complaints against helicopters persist. Sound quality (SQ) metrics, specifically fluctuation strength, tonality, impulsiveness, roughness, and sharpness, are explored to determine their relationship with annoyance. A psychoacoustic test was conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center Exterior Effects Room to assess annoyance to helicopter-like sounds over a range of SQ metric values. The amplitude, phase, and frequency of the AS350 helicopter main and tail rotor blade passage signal harmonics were manipulated to produce 105 unique helicopter-like sounds with prescribed values of SQ metrics. All sounds were set to roughly the same loudness level. These sounds were played to 40 subjects who rated each sound for annoyance. Analyses given in this paper point to which SQ metrics are important to the helicopter noise annoyance response

A reduction principle for Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms

In this paper we analyze a general class of Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms on reductive adelic groups $\mathbf{G}(\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{K})$ and their covers. We prove that any such Fourier coefficient is expressible through integrals and sums involving 'Levi-distinguished' Fourier coefficients. By the latter we mean the class of Fourier coefficients obtained by first taking the constant term along the nilradical of a parabolic subgroup, and then further taking a Fourier coefficient corresponding to a $\mathbb{K}$-distinguished nilpotent orbit in the Levi quotient. In a follow-up paper we use this result to establish explicit formulas for Fourier expansions of automorphic forms attached to minimal and next-to-minimal representations of simply-laced reductive groups.Comment: 35 pages. v2: Extended results and paper split into two parts with second part appearing soon. New title to reflect new focus of this part. v3: Minor corrections and updated reference to the second part that has appeared as arXiv:1908.08296. v4: Minor corrections and reformulation

On the Quantum Kinetic Equation in Weak Turbulence

The quantum kinetic equation used in the study of weak turbulence is reconsidered in the context of a theory with a generic quartic interaction. The expectation value of the time derivative of the mode number operators is computed in a perturbation expansion which places the large diagonal component of the quartic term in the unperturbed Hamiltonian. Although one is not perturbing around a free field theory, the calculation is easily tractable owing to the fact that the unperturbed Hamiltonian can be written solely in terms of the mode number operators.Comment: 12 pages, LATEX, no figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Drops on soft solids: Free energy and double transition of contact angles

The equilibrium shape of liquid drops on elastic substrates is determined by minimising elastic and capillary free energies, focusing on thick incompressible substrates. The problem is governed by three length scales: the size of the drop $R$, the molecular size $a$, and the ratio of surface tension to elastic modulus $\gamma/E$. We show that the contact angles undergo two transitions upon changing the substrates from rigid to soft. The microscopic wetting angles deviate from Young's law when $\gamma/Ea \gg 1$, while the apparent macroscopic angle only changes in the very soft limit $\gamma/ER \gg 1$. The elastic deformations are worked out in the simplifying case where the solid surface energy is assumed constant. The total free energy turns out lower on softer substrates, consistent with recent experiments

Packing-induced conformational and functional changes in the subunits of α-crystallin

The heteroaggregate α-crystallin and homoaggregates of its subunits, αA- and αB-crystallins, function like molecular chaperones and prevent the aggregation of several proteins. Although modulation of the chaperone-like activity of α-crystallin by both temperature and chaotropic agents has been demonstrated in vitro, the mechanism(s) of its regulationin vivo have not been elucidated. The subunits of α-crystallin exchange freely, resulting in its dynamic and variable quaternary structure. Mixed aggregates of the α-crystallins and other mammalian small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) have also been observedin vivo. We have investigated the time-dependent structural and functional changes during the course of heteroaggregate formation by the exchange of subunits between homoaggregates of αA- and αB-crystallins. Native isoelectric focusing was used to follow the time course of subunit exchange. Circular dichroism revealed large tertiary structural alterations in the subunits upon subunit exchange and packing into heteroaggregates, indicating specific homologous and heterologous interactions between the subunits. Subunit exchange also resulted in quaternary structural changes as demonstrated by gel filtration chromatography. Interestingly, we found time-dependent changes in chaperone-like activity against the dithiothreitol-induced aggregation of insulin, which correlated with subunit exchange and the resulting tertiary and quaternary structural changes. Heteroaggregates of varying subunit composition, as observed during eye lens epithelial cell differentiation, generated by subunit exchange displayed differential chaperone-like activity. It was possible to alter chaperone-like activity of preexisting oligomeric sHSPs by alteration of subunit composition by subunit exchange. Our results demonstrate that subunit exchange and the resulting structural and functional changes observed could constitute a mechanism of regulation of chaperone-like activity of α-crystallin (and possibly other mammalian sHSPs) in vivo

Adinkras From Ordered Quartets of BC4{}_4 Coxeter Group Elements and Regarding 1,358,954,496 Matrix Elements of the Gadget

We examine values of the Adinkra Holoraumy-induced Gadget representation space metric over all possible four-color, four-open node, and four-closed node adinkras. Of the 1,358,954,496 gadget matrix elements, only 226,492,416 are non-vanishing and take on one of three values: $-1/3$, $1/3$, or $1$ and thus a subspace isomorphic to a description of a body-centered tetrahedral molecule emerges.Comment: LaTeX twice, 56pp, 30 tables, 5 figures, latest version includes link to updated code, minor corrections, and additional support about inequivalent representations and tetrahedral geometry comments added along with observations about similarity with results previously found by Nekraso

Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica and Subtyping Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Approaches

The aim of this study was to evaluate the discriminatory power of two phenotyping and three genotyping methods commonly used to subtype Salmonella in swine and other hosts. We found AFLP and PFGE to have the highest and comparable discriminatory power to each other. Among the 202 isolates analyzed in this study, using AFLP, 16 cluster types of S. Typhimurium were identified. Vertical spread in the production chain, from nursery to finishing farms and vertical as well as horizontal spread among finishing farms appeared to be important means of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium dissemination in swine units