POLA PROTEIN ELEKTROFORESIS DARI STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS DALAM SATU KELUARGA

Mutans streptococci is a normal flora of the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is considered to be the main etiological agent of dental caries in human. Many research have been reported about Mutans Streptococci transmission in the family. The infant first became colonized by this organism probably from family cohorts. This research was done to know protein patterns of Streptococcus mutans in an acquired by transmission in the family. Plaque of ten family were taken to isolate Streptococcus mutans isolation and then were extracted as whole cell protein by Artama method (1996). Protein analysis by SDS PAGE to establish the relationship or transmission of Streptococcus mutans in family. The result indicated that protein patterns of Streptococcus mutans found in children identically to those of their parents. Strongly supporting the notion that parents transmit their organism to their ifants

The effect of moderate exercise on the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in oral squamous epithelial cells induced by benzopyrene

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of moderate exercise on the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Materials and Methods: Eighteen Mus musculus strain Swiss Webster (Balb/c) were divided into three groups (n=6). K1 and K2 had contact with water 3 times/week for 12 weeks, while the members of the K3 group swam 3 times/week for 12 weeks while carrying load weighed 3% of their body weight. After 5 weeks, they were induced with 0.04 ml oleum olivarum (K1), 0.08 mg benzopyrene/0.04 ml oleum olivarum (K2, K3) 3 times/week for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression. The results were analyzed using an independent t-test. Result: The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased significantly in K3 compared to K2 (p=0.00). Conclusion: Moderate exercise could increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in oral squamous epithelial cells induced by benzopyrene

Study of adhesion from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans local isolate on alveolar bone destruction in aggressive periodontitis disease

Adhesion is a powerful survival mechanism as well as a virulence mechanism for bacterial pathogens. Bacterial adhesin is a media for bacteria to invade the host. Bacterial adhesin,is a medium for bacteria to invade the host. Baterial adhe-sion, moreover, is depend on the ligand interaction as a signaling mediator that will influence the invasion process and increase pro and anti-inflammatory due tob the influence of the receptors of innate immune response. Aggregatibacter actimycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitan) have many virulence factors that may result in tissue and alveolar bone damage. One of the virulence factors is adhesin that can be isolated from the fimbriae. This research purposed to analyze the ability of adhesin protein from A.actinomycetemcomitan that cause the destruction of alveolar bone. Thus, the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as osteocalcin expression can be used as a marker of damage on the alveolar bone of Wistar rats. The research was conducted through several processes. First, the adhesin of A.actinomycetemcomitan with a molecular weight (MW) of 24 kDa is induced into Wistar rats. Next, to determine the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts performed, hematoxylin eosin staining is conducted. Meanwhile, to determine osteocalcin expression performed, immunohistochemical techniques is used. This research shows the decreasing of the number of osteoblasts and increasing of the number of osteoclasts in the treatment groups induced by adhesin proteins, A. actinomycetemcomitans + adhesin protein, and A.actinomycetemcomitan compared those in the control group. It also shows the increasing of osteocalcin expressions on the alveolar bone of Wistar rats in the groups induced by adhesin proteins, A. actinomycetemcomitans + adhesin protein, and A. actinomycetemcomitans than those in the control group. It can be concluded that the adhesin protein of A. actinomycetemcomitans plays an important role in the destruction of alveolar bone through the reduction of the number of osteoblasts, the increasing of the number of osteoclasts and oste-ocalcin expression in aggressive periodontitis. Keywords: Adhesin, A. actinomycetemcomitans, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocalcin expressio

Effect of lipopolysaccharide derived from surabaya isolates of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans on alveolar bone destruction

Background: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans’ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a high virulence factor. It interacts with serum protein through receptors on the epithelial cell surface, thereby increasing both interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 which results in damage to periodontal tissue. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the effect of LPS derived from local isolates (A.actinomycetemcomitans) on the destruction of alveolar bone by means of several biomarkers, including; the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the expression of IL-6, matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP-1), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL). Materials and Methods: The isolation of LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans was calculated using phenol, while purification was performed using Sephadex C-18 column chromatography. 40 Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 10. Each treatment was divided into two groups which were 0.9% NaCl and LPS induced for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Gingival and alveolar bones were further introduced into the induction area, followed by the measuring of osteoblast and osteoclast with hematoxylin-eosin staining, IL-6, MMP-1 and RANKL expression with immunohistochemical. Results: Reduced numbers of osteoblasts at the 7th and 14th day of treatment were detected, while those of osteoclasts increased. There was an increased expression of IL-6, MMP-1, and RANKL in the 7th and 14th-day treatment group. Treatment of LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans over 7 and 14 days resulted in damage to periodontal tissue and alveolar bone in Wistar rats. Conclusion: LPS of A. actinomycetemcomitans administration for 7 and 14 days causes periodontal and alveolar tissue destruction in Wistar rats

The activity of polyclonal IgY derived from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in inhibiting colonization of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguinis

Background: Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) play a role in dental plaque formation which leads to periodontitis. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is present in both serum and egg yolk and can bind to the surface components of bacteria. F. nucleatum and S. sanguinis feature the same type of IV pili as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans). Saliva binding protein (SsaB) in S. sanguinis is a FimA homolog. FimA constitutes a surface element of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis possess the same outer membrane protein (OMP) molecular mass. Purpose: The study aimed to determine the activity of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis polyclonal IgY present in serum and egg yolk that can inhibit colonization of F. nucleatum and S. sanguinis. Methods: IgY samples were diluted with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Several holes were made in the nutrient medium with 10 μl antigen (F. nucleatum/S. sanguinis) being inserted into the center hole. 10 μl PBS, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16 A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis polyclonal IgY were subsequently introduced into the surrounding holes. The results of incubation at 37°C were observed after 24-48 hours. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were administered to analyse the data. Results: A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis polyclonal IgY groups in serum showed a precipitation line at dilution ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, whereas in egg yolk this occurred only at a 1:1 dilution ratio with F. nucleatum and S. sanguinis bacteria in this study. No significant differences were evident between each dilution (p>0.05) and none existed between serum and egg yolk (p>0.05). Conclusion: IgY polyclonal of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in both serum and egg yolk initiate activities that can inhibit colonization of F. nucleatum and S. sanguinis

Perbedaan flow dan pH saliva pada subyek karies dan bebas karies

Latar Belakang: Flow saliva memainkan peranan penting dalam menjaga kesehatan jaringan keras dan lunak rongga mulut. Saliva berperan sebagai buffer yang membantu menetralkan pH plak setelah makan. Penurunan flow saliva dapat memperburuk kesehatan rongga mulut, misalnya karies gigi yang biasanya terjadi pada anak-anak. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati perbedaan flow dan pH saliva pada subyek karies dan bebas karies. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Status karies 28 siswa sekolah dasar diperiksa berdasarkan index DMF-T dan def-t, kemudian subyek dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok, kelompok karies dan kelompok bebas karies. Saliva dari tiap subyek dikumpulkan dengan cara kepala ditundukkan dan mulut sedikit terbuka kemudian saliva ditampung dalam gelas ukur sampai volume 4 ml. Waktu dan volume pengumpulan saliva digunakan untuk menghitung flow saliva. Segera setelah saliva dikumpulkan, saliva kemudian diperiksa pH dengan menggunakan kertas indikator pH. Nilai flow dan pH saliva kemudian dianalisis dengan program SPSS. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan flow dan pH saliva pada subyek karies dibandingkan subyek bebas karies. Kesimpulan: Flow dan pH pada subyek karies lebih rendah dibandingkan subyek bebas karies

PERBEDAAN DAYA HAMBAT OBAT KUMUR EKSTRAK TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis) DAN METIL SALISILAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI RONGGA MULUT

Background : Mouthwashes are act as antiseptic, astringent and freshener agent. One leaf of green tea composed of natural ingredients such as Vit C and E as antioxidants along with catechin, and also plenty other substances; Catechin, is a polyphenolic compound acts as antioxidant and antibacterial agent by disrupting bacterial cell membrane, killing bacteria from within. Purposes: To compare the inhibitory properties between mouthwashes with green tea extract and methyl salicylate towards the oral bacteria. Methods: Human subjects were gargling with the sterile aquades, the results collected, taken by 0.1 ml using micropipet, inoculated into BHIB liquid media for 24 hours, standaridized by McFarland 0.5 which equals 1.5 x 108 CFU, and moved into MH agar media which divided into 6 areas with one on the center as control area. Six paper discs were soaked in the mouthwashes with 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% tea extracts, methyl salicylate, and, PVP-I as control, and latched onto respective areas. The indicator is the Inhibitory Zones formed around each paperdiscs, the areas on which the bacteria couldn’t colonize. Results: No Inhibitory Zones were formed on the area with paperdiscs soaked in mouthwashes with tea extracts, nor the one with methyl salicylates, meanwhile, the positive control with PVP-I did grow some Inhibitory Zones on some samples with diameters of 2-3mm width. Conclusions: The tea extract is not proven to be more effective than the methyl salicylate mouthwash to inhibit bacterial growth

THE EXPRESSION OF TLR-2 AND NOD-2 IN GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM OF RAT AFTER PROBIOTIC Lactobacillus reuteri SUPPLEMENTATION TO INHIBIT Streptococcus mutans GROWTH

Lactobacillus reuteri is probiotic from Gram positive bacteria which has specific molecular structure, consisted of peptidoglycan (PG) and lipotheihoic acid (LTA). These structure have potential in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activation, such as TLR-2 and NOD-2 that are the up stream of beta defensin-2 (BD-2) signaling cascade. BD-2 is antimocrobial peptides naturally produced in mouth cavity that can against Streptococcus mutans effectively. This study was aimed to prove that probiotic L. reuteri supplementation can increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium. Experimental design in this study was randomized control group post test only design. Study was carried on 24 white rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain which divided into 4 groups. Positive control was rats that induced with S. mutans, while rats in negative control group were not induced. Group I was rats that suppelemented with L. reuteri for 14 days (day 1-14) and induced with S. mutans for 7 days (day 8-14). Group II was rats that supplemented with L. reuteri and induced with S. mutans simustaneously for 14 days (day 1-14). Concentration of bacterial suspension was 108 cfu ∕ml for L. reuteri and 1010 cfu/ml for S. mutans. Both of these two bacteria was given orally to rats. TLR-2 and NOD-2 expressions were evaluated with immunohistochemistry technique. Significant differences of protein expression between each treatment groud was analyzed with ANOVA (p=0.001). TLR-2 nd NOD-2 expressions were higher than negative control. It can be conclude that L. reuteri supplementation as probiotic could increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium of ra

THE EXPRESSION OF TLR-2 AND NOD-2 IN GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM OF RAT AFTER PROBIOTIC Lactobacillus reuteri SUPPLEMENTATION TO INHIBIT Streptococcus mutans GROWTH

Lactobacillus reuteri is probiotic from Gram positive bacteria which has specific molecular structure, consisted of peptidoglycan (PG) and lipotheihoic acid (LTA). These structure have potential in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activation, such as TLR-2 and NOD-2 that are the up stream of beta defensin-2 (BD-2) signaling cascade. BD-2 is antimocrobial peptides naturally produced in mouth cavity that can against Streptococcus mutans effectively. This study was aimed to prove that probiotic L. reuteri supplementation can increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium. Experimental design in this study was randomized control group post test only design. Study was carried on 24 white rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain which divided into 4 groups. Positive control was rats that induced with S. mutans, while rats in negative control group were not induced. Group I was rats that suppelemented with L. reuteri for 14 days (day 1-14) and induced with S. mutans for 7 days (day 8-14). Group II was rats that supplemented with L. reuteri and induced with S. mutans simustaneously for 14 days (day 1-14). Concentration of bacterial suspension was 108 cfu ∕ml for L. reuteri and 1010 cfu/ml for S. mutans. Both of these two bacteria was given orally to rats. TLR-2 and NOD-2 expressions were evaluated with immunohistochemistry technique. Significant differences of protein expression between each treatment groud was analyzed with ANOVA (p=0.001). TLR-2 nd NOD-2 expressions were higher than negative control. It can be conclude that L. reuteri supplementation as probiotic could increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium of rat

The expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium of rat after probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth

Lactobacillus reuteri is probiotic from Gram positive bacteria which has specific molecular structure, consisted of peptidoglycan (PG) and lipotheihoic acid (LTA). These structure have potential in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activation, such as TLR-2 and NOD-2 that are the up stream of beta defensin-2 (BD-2) signaling cascade. BD-2 is antimocrobial peptides naturally produced in mouth cavity that can against Streptococcus mutans effectively. This study was aimed to prove that probiotic L. reuteri supplementation can increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium. Experimental design in this study was randomized control group post test only design. Study was carried on 24 white rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain which divided into 4 groups. Positive control was rats that induced with S. mutans, while rats in negative control group were not induced. Group I was rats that suppelemented with L. reuteri for 14 days (day 1-14) and induced with S. mutans for 7 days (day 8-14). Group II was rats that supplemented with L. reuteri and induced with S. mutans simustaneously for 14 days (day 1-14). Concentration of bacterial suspension was 108 cfu ∕ml for L. reuteri and 1010 cfu/ml for S. mutans. Both of these two bacteria was given orally to rats. TLR-2 and NOD-2 expressions were evaluated with immunohistochemistry technique. Significant differences of protein expression between each treatment groud was analyzed with ANOVA (p=0.001). TLR-2 nd NOD-2 expressions were higher than negative control. It can be conclude that L. reuteri supplementation as probiotic could increase the expression of TLR-2 and NOD-2 in gingival epithelium of rat