Pengaruh Status Imunisasi Difteri Pertusis dan Tetanus terhadap Respon Kekebalan Difteri dan Tetanus pada Murid Kelas I Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Cimandala

A preliminary study has been carried out to investigate the effect of DPT immunization status on immune response against diphtheria and tetanus in the program of School Immunization Month (locally referred to as Bulan Imunisasi Anak Sekolah, BIAS) for children aged 5-6 years old after the immunization with DT 1 dosage. The research involved 92 primary school children of grade 1 in sub-district Cimandala, Bogor district. Objective of the research was to support the BIAS program that was started in 1998. The specific objective was to examine the level of immunity and the average antibody titre against diphtheria and tetanus after the immunization with DT 1 dosage as well as to explore the relationship between titre antibody with DPT 3 immunization status (complete) and DPT < 3 (incomplete). The research findings showed that one year after immunization with DT 1 dosage the percentage of immunity against diphtheria and tetanus in children with DPT 3 status was recorded at 96.5% and 100% with the geometric mean titre (GMT) of 0.3022 IU/ml and 1.5536 IU/ml respectively. The percentage of immunity against diphtheria and tetanus for children with the dosage of DPT < 3 was 100% with the GMT of 0.2862 IU/ml and 1.4306 IU/ml respectively. It may be concluded that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between children with basic immunization status of DPT 3 and DPT < 3. Considering the fact that coverage qf DPT 3 since 1990 has been more than 80%, and taking into consideration findings of the research, it is suggested that screening of basic immunization status or primary school children of grade 1 can be ignored. Further research is required to explore the immunity originated after immunization with TT 1 dosage for grade 2 and 3 school children, that is after obtaining a complete 5 dosage of TT immunization. There is a need to study anti titre against diphtheria in the long term

Status Kekebalan terhadap Difteri dan Tetanus pada Anak Putus Sekolah Setara SD (Umur 7- 15 Tahun) di Kotamadya Jakarta Utara

According to the Ministry of Education & Culture in 1999 there were 13.67 % dropouts from primary schools and MI (Madrasah lbtidaiyah) and 3.5 %children who have never attended school. Since 1998 health services for primary/MI school age namely BIAS program has been carried out. However, up to now there has been no diphtheriae and tetanus BIAS program for school dropouts or those children who never attended school. fl school dropouts children do not get DT and TT BIAS immunization, it will influence Tetanus Neonatorum Elimination target, and delay the target achievement to stop immunization for childbearing age and pregnant women in 2005. It will also increase the possibility of diphtheriae outbreak accurence. A cross sectional study to 109 children school drop out was conducted in North Jakarta municipality during March to December 2001. The objective of the study was to identify the immunization status and to measure the immunity status of primary/MI school dropouts or those children who have never attended school (7 through 15 years). Interview was carried out with their parents too. The proportion (primary school dropouts in North Jakarta was 4.4 %, whereby the highest was found in Kalibaru, Subdistrict Cilincing (11.1 %). The highest percentage of immunization for diphtheria and tetanus were TT 0 (34%) and D 1 (39%). Fifty point nine percent (n = 106) of school dropouts showed protective antibody for tetanus (titre > 1 IU/ml with Elisa test) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 0.4625 IU/ml while 75 % of drop out students showed protective antibody level of diphtheriae (titre 20.01 IU/ml with netralization test) with GMT of 0.0248 IU/ml. This results were less than BIAS research result to primary school students showed 100 % (n = 61) protective antibody level with GMT of 0. 7408 IU/ml and GMT of 9.1157 IU/ml of diphtheriae and tetanus. It showed that school dropouts children or those who never attended school still required immunization through BIAS program

Sensitivitas Kuman Neisseria Meningitidis yang Diisolasi dari Jamaah Haji Indonesia terhadap Beberapa Antibiotik

The meningitis meningococcal disease caused by Neisseriae meningitidis is an infection of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain and the spinal cord. N. meningitidis is classified into 13 serogroups based on the immunologic reactivity of the capsular polysaccharide. Since 1993 the number of cases and carriers of haj pilgrims from Indonesia have increased. In 1996 the carrier rate was 9,4%, and case fatality rate of Indonesian haj pilgrims in Saudi Arabia was 71,4%. The dominant serogroup was serogroup B. The meningitis vaccine of serogroup B is not available yet. Until now there is not enough information of the laboratory results from the hospital in Saudi Arabia, regarding the strain that caused the infection of haj pilgrims from Indonesia. To prevent transmission of the disease among Haj pilgrims, since 1997, chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacine has been given to close contact persons of haj pilgrim patient. The objectives of this study are: First, to know the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in decreasing the carrier rate of meningitis meningococcus in haj pilgrims. Second, to identify the serogroup of N. meningitidis isolated from carrier or patient and thirdly to know the sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics recommended by WHO. Nasofaringeal swabs were taken from 914 haj pilgrims from group of contact person of cases or suspected cases and 311 haj pilgrims from control group at embarkation in Jakarta. Ciprofloxacin was given to the study group in Saudi Arabia. Isolation and serogrouping were carried out for serogroup A, B, C. The result shows that the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin to N. meningitidis in the treated group were 98.58% and control were 85.54%, respectively. The serogroup of N. meningitidis is isolated from 13 carriers of treated group 69,23% could not be classified as serogroup A, B, or C. In the control group, 45 isolated strains from carriers consist of serogroup B 40%, serogroup C 28,9%, serogroup A 20%. Most strains of isolated bacteria were resistant against rifampicin, the antibiotic given as prophylaxis to haj pilgrims before 1997.Further study is needed to identify virulence strain from haj pilgrims and population, and to know the prevalence of the disease in Indonesi