Distribution pattern of accessory genes (n = 99) among the 20 marine cyanopodovirus genomes.

<p>A black box represents a presence. Cyano_T7_GC stands for T7-like cyanophage gene cluster. The dendrograms were created based on the presence/absence matrix of accessory genes. The UPGMA and WPGMA methods were used to cluster the genes and the phages, respectively. The right column lists those genes with known/putative functions. Red boxes (A-H) indicate genes which were enriched or absent in certain phage groups. All the 349 COGs found among the 20 genomes were listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142962#pone.0142962.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>.</p

Whole genome phylogenies and network of cyanopodoviruses.

<p>A, a phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated core genes built by using the distance method; B, a consensus tree inferred from ML trees built for the 15 core genes; C, a dendrogram built by using ML distance measurement based on gene content; D, a whole genome network constructed based on gene content. <i>Synechococcus</i> podoviruses were shown in blue and <i>Prochlorococcus</i> podoviruses shown in green. Black, grey and open circles respectively represent bootstrap supports of 100%, 75–99% and 50–74%. The grey shading in panel A indicates cluster MPP-A and subclusters MPP-B1, B2, B3 and B4, and those cluster/subclusters that exist in panel B and C are also marked with shading.</p

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of thymidylate synthase gene <i>thyX</i> in cyanophages and cyanobacteria.

<p>Cyanobacterial and cyanophage sequences were shown in color and other bacterial and viral sequences in black. Bootstrap test values higher than 75% were shown.</p

Alignment of the 20 marine cyanopodovirus genomes.

<p>Core genes are indicated by light blue arrows. The other arrows that are colored and linked by lines represent a few shared non-core genes with known or putative function. Abbreviation: MarR, MarR family transcriptional regulator; RNA pol, RNA polymerase; SSB, single-stranded DNA binding protein; endonuc., endonuclease; prim./hel., primase/helicase; DNA pol, DNA polymerase; exonuc., exonuclease; MazG, pyrophosphatase; RNR, ribonucleotide reductase; Hli, high light inducible protein; PsbA, photosystem II D1 protein; MCP, major capsid protein; ICP, internal core protein; TalC, transaldolase; ThyX, thymidylate synthase; HP, hypothetical protein.</p

Summary of marine cyanopodovirus genomes.

<p>Summary of marine cyanopodovirus genomes.</p

Elucidating Hydroxylation and Methylation Steps Tailoring Piericidin A1 Biosynthesis

The piericidin A1 (<b>1</b>) gene cluster was identified from the deep-sea derived <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. SCSIO 03032. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments verified PieE as a 4′-hydroxylase and PieB2 as a 4′-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase, allowing the elucidation of the post-PKS modification steps involved in <b>1</b> biosynthesis. In addition, the shunt metabolite piericidin E1 (<b>7</b>) was identified as a novel analogue featuring a C-2/C-3 epoxy ring

Multifunctional Electrochemical Platforms Based on the Michael Addition/Schiff Base Reaction of Polydopamine Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide: Construction and Application

In this paper, a new strategy for the construction of multifunctional electrochemical detection platforms based on the Michael addition/Schiff base reaction of polydopamine modified reduced graphene oxide was first proposed. Inspired by the mussel adhesion proteins, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DA) was selected as a reducing agent to simultaneously reduce graphene oxide and self-polymerize to obtain the polydopamine-reduced graphene oxide (PDA-rGO). The PDA-rGO was then functionalized with thiols and amines by the reaction of thiol/amino groups with quinine groups of PDA-rGO via the Michael addition/Schiff base reaction. Several typical compounds containing thiol and/or amino groups such as 1-[(4-amino)­phenylethynyl] ferrocene (Fc-NH₂), cysteine (cys), and glucose oxidase (GOx) were selected as the model molecules to anchor on the surface of PDA-rGO using the strategy for construction of multifunctional electrochemical platforms. The experiments revealed that the composite grafted with ferrocene derivative shows excellent catalysis activity toward many electroactive molecules and could be used for individual or simultaneous detection of dopamine hydrochloride (DA) and uric acid (UA), or hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC), while, after grafting of cysteine on PDA-rGO, simultaneous discrimination detection of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was realized on the composite modified electrode. In addition, direct electron transfer of GOx can be observed when GOx-PDA-rGO was immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). When glucose was added into the system, the modified electrode showed excellent electric current response toward glucose. These results inferred that the proposed multifunctional electrochemical platforms could be simply, conveniently, and effectively regulated through changing the anchored recognition or reaction groups. This study would provide a versatile method to design more detection or biosensing platforms through a chemical reaction strategy in the future

Naphthylamine–Rhodamine-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for the Determination of Pd²⁺ Ions

A naphthylamine–rhodamine hybrid ratiometric and colorimetric fluorescent probe (<b>RN</b>) was designed and synthesized. <b>RN</b> can identify Pd²⁺ ions with high selectivity and sensitivity. Furthermore, the probe can be used to monitor Pd²⁺ ions in live mice by fluorescence imaging

dl-3-<i>n</i>-butylphthalide inhibits platelet activation via inhibition of cPLA2-mediated TXA₂ synthesis and phosphodiesterase

<div><p></p><p>Aberrant platelet activation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart attack and stroke. dl-3-<i>n</i>-butylphthalide (NBP) has been approved in China to treat stroke with multiple mechanisms. The anti-stroke effects of NBP may be related to its antiplatelet effects reported in rats in addition to its antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and angiogenic effects. However, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of NBP on human platelets are not yet clear. In this study, we found that NBP concentration-dependently inhibited human platelet aggregation and ATP release induced by ADP, thrombin, U46619, arachidonic acid, or collagen. NBP also inhibited PAC-1 binding induced by ADP or thrombin and platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen. NBP reduced TXA₂ synthesis induced by thrombin or collagen via inhibiting cPLA2 phosphorylation, concomitantly with a marked decrease in intracellular calcium mobilization. Moreover, NBP also inhibited human platelet phosphodiesterase (PDE) and elevated 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate level in platelets. In conclusion, NBP significantly inhibits human platelet activation via inhibition of cPLA2-mediated TXA₂ synthesis and PDE, and may be effective as an antiplatelet drug to treat other arterial thrombotic diseases.</p></div

BF066 inhibits cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity in human platelet extracts.

<p>BF066 concentration-dependently inhibited activity of PDE extracted from human platelets. A) Representative HPLC tracings of residual cAMP in the presence of PDE and various inhibitors. B) BF066 concentration-dependently inhibited activity of PDE extracted from human platelets. Data were shown as mean ± SEM representing four separate experiments.</p