Comparison of Performances between DBF-TV system and SDC-TV system on LRE09.

<p>Comparison of Performances between DBF-TV system and SDC-TV system on LRE09.</p

Comparison of Performance between two different PDBF-TV systems on LRE09.

<p>Comparison of Performance between two different PDBF-TV systems on LRE09.</p

Comparison of Performances between different temporal context sizes using 43-dimensional DBF on LRE09.

<p>Comparison of Performances between different temporal context sizes using 43-dimensional DBF on LRE09.</p

DET curves comparison between PPRLM, PDBF-TV (MA+EN) and their fusion on LRE09.

<p>DET curves comparison between PPRLM, PDBF-TV (MA+EN) and their fusion on LRE09.</p

Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl Acids Including Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Isomers in Huai River Basin and Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, China

The spatial distribution of 10 perfluoroalkyl acids including linear and branched (six monotrifluoromethyl isomers) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in surface water was investigated in Huai River Basin and Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, China. In the water samples from Huai River Basin, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS were the predominant compounds (mean 18 ng/L and 4.7 ng/L, respectively), while in samples from Taihu Lake, PFOA, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and PFOS were the predominant compounds (mean 56 ng/L, 19 ng/L, and 15 ng/L, respectively). Branched PFOS (Br-PFOS) isomers accounting for 48.1% to 62.5% of total PFOS were enriched in all samples from Taihu Lake, compared to technical electrochemical fluorination (ECF) PFOS (Br-PFOS ∼30.0%), while the similar phenomena were not found in samples from Huai River Basin (Br-PFOS 29.0–35.0%). Principal component analysis (PCA) on the percentages of the individual isomer showed that the first two components accounted for 78.4% and 15.3% of the overall observed data variance. Samples from Huai River Basin were grouped together with the ECF PFOS standard suggesting the profiles were similar, while samples from Taihu Lake were grouped by themselves, suggesting that isomer profiles in these samples were different from that of Huai River Basin. The obvious difference in isomer profiles probably results from the different environmental behaviors of PFOS isomers and/or unknown sources (PFOS or PFOS precursors)

Block diagrams of two PDBF-TV LID systems.

<p>The diagram above the dashed line is PDBF-TV with later fusion. The diagram below the dashed line is the PDBF-TV with early fusion.</p

EER obtained from the MA DBF-TV system based on different dimensions of DBF on LRE09.

<p>Left panel shows the results of 30 s. Middle panel shows the results of 10s. Right panel shows the results of 3 s.</p

An illustration of the DNN training and DBF extraction procedure.

<p>Left: Pre-training of a stack of RBMs with the first layer hosting a Gaussian-Bernoulli RBM and all other layers being Bernoulli-Bernoulli RBMs. The inputs to each RBM are from the outputs of the lower layer RBM. Middle: The generative model DBN constructed from a stack of RBMs. Right: The corresponding DNN and DBF extractor. The DNN is created by adding a randomly initialized softmax output layer on top of the DBN, and the parameters of DNN are obtained in a fine-tuning phase. The final DBF extractor in the bottom right dashed rectangle is obtained by removing the layers above the bottleneck layer.</p

Block diagram of our proposed DBF-TV LID system.

<p>This system consists of two main phases, the acoustic frontend and TV modeling back-end.</p

Non-Target and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter in China

Airborne particulate matter (APM) has an important role in inhalation exposure, especially in China. The environmental occurrence of conventional and unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in APM remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, a two-stage experiment was designed to identify potential PFASs and to investigate their distribution in APM. Indoor and outdoor APM samples were collected from five selected cities in China. Through PFAS homologue analysis and suspect screening, 50 peaks were identified with different confidence levels (levels 1–3). Among the identified PFASs, 34 emerging PFASs including p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate, 6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester, n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, n:2 fluorinated telomer acids, n:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids, 1:n polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (1:n PFECAs), perfluoroalkyl dioic acids (PFdiOAs), hydro-substituted perfluoroalkyl dioic acids (H-PFdiOAs), and unsaturated perfluorinated alcohols (UPFAs) were identified in APM. In particular, 1:n PFECAs, PFdiOAs, H-PFdiOAs, and UPFAs were first detected in APM. Although human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid via inhaled APM was noted to not be a risk (hazard quotient <0.1) in this study, the expansion of the PFASs screened in APM implies that human exposure to PFASs might be much more serious and should be considered in future risk assessments in China