Integrated multi-omics of the gastrointestinal microbiome and ruminant host reveals metabolic adaptation underlying early life development

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Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants

Lactation provides the singular source of nourishment to the offspring of mammals. This nutrition source also contains a diverse microbiota affecting the development and health of the newborn. Here, we examined the milk microbiota in water deer (Hydropotes inermis, the most primitive member of the family Cervidae), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, the oldest semi-domesticated cervid), and the dairy goat (Capra aegagrus, member of the family Bovidae), to determine if common milk microbiota species were present across all three ruminant species. The results showed that water deer had the highest bacterial diversity, followed by reindeer, and then goat. Unifrac distance and correspondence analyses revealed that water deer harbored an increased abundance of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp., while milk from reindeer and goat was dominated by unclassified bacteria from the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and Bacillus spp., respectively. These data indicate significant differences in the composition of milk-based bacterial communities. The presence of Halomonas spp. in three distinct co-occurrence networks of bacterial interactions revealed both common and unique features in milk niches. These results suggest that the milk of water deer and reindeer harbor unique bacterial communities compared with the goat, which might reflect host microbial adaptation caused by evolution.Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [31501984]This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Integrated Transcriptome and Microbiota Reveal the Regulatory Effect of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Supplementation in Antler Growth of Sika Deer

The level of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is associated with the growth of the antler, a fast-growing bone organ of Cervidae. However, the benefits of 25(OH)D supplementation on antler growth and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the antler growth profile and transcriptome, plasma parameters, rumen bacteria, and metabolites (volatile fatty acids and amino acids) were determined in sika deer in a 25(OH)D supplementation group (25(OH)D, n = 8) and a control group (Ctrl, n = 8). 25(OH)D supplementation significantly increased the antler weight and growth rate. The levels of IGF-1,25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were significantly higher in the 25(OH)D group than in the Ctrl group, while the levels of LDL-C were lower. The levels of valerate and branched-chain amino acids in the rumen fluid were significantly different between the 25(OH)D and Ctrl groups. The bacterial diversity indices were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the relative abundances of the butyrate-producing bacteria (families Lachnospiraceae and Succinivibrionaceae) and the pyruvate metabolism pathway were higher in the 25(OH)D group. The transcriptomic profile of the antler was significantly different between the 25(OH)D and Ctrl groups, with 356 up- and 668 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 25(OH)D group. The up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the proteinaceous extracellular matrix and collagen, while the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in the immune system and lipid metabolism pathways. Overall, these results provide novel insights into the effects of 25(OH)D supplementation on the host metabolism, rumen microbiota, and antler transcriptome of sika deer

Assessment and Improvement of MISR Angstrom Exponent and Single-Scattering Albedo Products Using AERONET Data in China

Mapping the components, size, and absorbing/scattering properties of particle pollution is of great interest in the environmental and public health fields. Although the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can detect a greater number of aerosol microphysical properties than most other spaceborne sensors, the Angstrom exponent (AE) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) products are not widely utilized or as robust as the aerosol optical depth (AOD) product. This study focused on validating MISR AE and SSA data using AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data for China from 2004 to 2014. The national mean value of the MISR data (1.08) was 0.095 lower than that of the AERONET data. However, the MISR SSA average (0.99) was significantly higher than that of AERONET (0.89). In this study, we developed a method to improve the AE and SSA by narrowing the selection of MISR mixtures via the introduction of the following group thresholds obtained from an 11-year AERONET dataset: minimum and maximum values (for the method of MISR_Imp_All) and the top 10% and bottom 10% of the averaged values (for MISR_Imp_10%). Overall, our improved AE values were closer to the AERONET AE values, and additional samples (MISR_Imp_All: 28.04% and 64.72%, MISR_Imp_10%: 34.11% and 73.13%) had absolute differences of less than 0.1 and 0.3 (defined by the expected error tests, e.g., EE_0.1) compared with the original MISR product (18.46% and 50.23%). For the SSA product, our method also improved the mean, EE_0.05, and EE_0.1 from 0.99, 16.13%, and 56.45% (MISR original product) to 0.96, 40.32%, and 70.97% (MISR_Imp_All), and 0.94, 54.84%, and 90.32% (MISR_Imp_10%), respectively

Gut Bacterial Community Determines the Therapeutic Effect of Ginsenoside on Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Modulating the Colonic Mucosal Barrier

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises systemic inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. This research aims to analyze the clinical symptoms and pathogenesis of a Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced canine IBD model and evaluate the restorative effect of ginsenoside from a pathogenesis perspective. We established the DSS-induced canine IBD model and studied the pathological mechanisms. Additionally, we examined the therapeutic effect of ginsenosides by assessing the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, colonic tissue morphology, protein expression, and mucosal bacterial community analysis. Our findings revealed a total ginsenoside content of 22.7% in the ginsenoside extract. Animal experiments demonstrated that dogs with IBD exhibited decreased mental state, significantly increased CIBDAI and CRP levels, disrupted colonic epithelial tissue structure, decreased expression of mucin, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, as well as reduced diversity of the colonic mucosal bacterial community. Furthermore, correlation analysis highlighted a total of 38 bacterial strains correlated with physiological indices. Significantly, ginsenoside treatment could improve these symptoms and reverse the relative abundance of some bacterial communities. In conclusion, alterations in the properties of the colonic mucus layer or the reduction in MUC2, its core component, in dogs with IBD can lead to bacterial penetration of the mucus layer and subsequent contact with intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in inflammation. Remarkably, ginsenoside intervention showcased the capacity to positively influence the relative abundance of bacteria and impact the colonic mucus layer properties, thereby offering promising prospects for IBD management and recovery

Roe Deer Produce Less Methane and Harbor Distinct Gut Microbiota

Enteric methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas emitted by ruminants. Cervidae produces less CH4 than other ruminants, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we measured and compared the gas production, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota composition, and fermentation characteristics of roe deer (n = 4) and goats (n = 4). After the animals had adapted to the same total mixed ration for 21 days, the gas yield was measured using respiration chambers, and fecal samples were collected. The CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) was significantly lower in roe deer than in goats (p p > 0.05). Roe deer showed lower digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.005), crude protein (p p = 0.02) than goats. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the bacterial and methanogen communities were significantly different between roe deer and goats, indicating a potential role of host genetics. Roe deer and goats showed enrichment of specific key bacterial and methanogen taxa. The relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Succinivibrio, Treponema, Prevotella, Lachnoclostridium, Christensenellaceae R7, and members of the family Lachnospiraceae were higher in roe deer than in goats (p Methanocorpusculum and Methanobrevibacter were dominant methanogens in the guts of roe deer and goats, respectively, but their species compositions differed significantly between the host species. The predicted metabolic pathways, including those for butyrate and propionate, were significantly more abundant in roe deer than in goats (p p 4 yield was characterized by correlations between digestibility, bacteria and methanogens between roe deer and goats, particularly for members within the taxa Lachnospiraceae and Methanosphaera. In summary, our results revealed that gut bacteria and methanogens differ significantly between high- and low-CH4 emitters and identified microbial taxa potentially involved in the mitigation of CH4 production in ruminants

Epidermal Growth Factor Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Follicular Outer Root Sheath Cells via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

Background/Aims: To investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of EGF on the growth and migration of hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) cells. Methods: Intact anagen hair follicles were isolated from mink skin and cultured with EGF in vitro to measure ORS daily growth. Meanwhile, purified primary ORS cells were treated or transfected with EGF, and their proliferation and migration were assessed by MTT assay and transwell assay, respectively. The signaling pathway downstream of EGF was characterized by using the Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, XAV-939. Results: EGF of 2-20 ng/ml, not higher or lower, promoted the growth of follicular ORS in vitro. EGF treatment or overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of ORS cells. Moreover, EGF stimulation induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and upregulated the expression of Wnt10b, β-catenin, EGF receptor and SOX9. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by XAV-939 significantly reduced the basal and EGF-enhanced proliferation and migration of ORS cells. In addition, a number of follicle-regulatory genes, such as Survivin, Msx2 and SGK3, were upregulated by EGF in the ORS cells, which was also inhibited by XAV-939. Conclusion: EGF promotes the proliferation and migration of ORS cells and modulates the expression of several follicle-regulatory genes via Wnt/β-catenin signaling