A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF TRAIT AND STATE ANXIETY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARCHERS

The main objective of the study to analysis the effect of anxiety on performance of archers and specially the study was aimed at exploring the relationship of both trait and state anxiety. 80 subjects were taken, 34 female(42.5%) and 46 male(57.5%) and questionnaire were filled by researcher after subjects give consent for same. Competitive state anxiety inventory-2 and state trait anxiety scale were used to assess the state and trait anxiety respectively. To performance FITA round score of archers was used. Result of the study observed a significant negative correlation of trait anxiety and somatic component of CSAI-2 with the performance of archers(p<0.01). Among each other these parameter show positive relation indications. On the other side the increase the age improves the overall scoring and confidence component of the state competitive anxiety scale also shows significant positive correlation with the performance of the players.  Article visualizations

EVALUATION OF ACUTE EFFECTS OF COMBINED STRETCHING METHODS ON FLEXIBILITY, AGILITY AND SPEED AMONG CRICKET PLAYERS

Purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of order & combination of stretching methods on the cricket players even though cricket is the most popular team sport worldwide. The main objectives of the study were to find out the acute effects of combined stretching methods on the flexibility, speed & agility. Methodology: 60 male cricket players (age: 20.13333±1.334999 years; body height: 172.1833± 6.466559 cm; BMI: 22.20667± 1.927076 kg/m2) were randomly allocated in three groups i.e. Group A = 20 combined static dynamic stretching (CSD), Group B = 20combined dynamic static stretching (CDS) and Group C = routine stretching (control) group. Subjects of Group A & B performed warm up (5min jogging) followed by CSD and CDS stretching protocol of 30 sec of stretch and 20 sec of rest interval with 5 repetition respectively. The pre and post evaluation of Flexibility, Speed & Agility were done by the V Sit and reach,20 meter dash test & Illinois Agility test respectively Result: The result of the study revealed that all three parameter showed significant difference in both Group A=CSD and Group B=CDS when compared with Group C=Routine stretching (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that cricket players performed well after combined stretching methods i.e., combined static dynamic and combined dynamic static than routine stretching concerning to flexibility, speed & agility.  Article visualizations

ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF POST ACTIVATION POTENTIATION ON VERTICAL JUMP HEIGHT IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The aim of the study was to find the effect of post activation potentiation (PAP) on jump performance in volleyball players and to compare its effects between males and females. Forty volleyball players were randomly divided into control and experimental group. The experimental group performed a PAP protocol consisting of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 50% of 10 RM, 75% of 10 RM, 100% of 10 RM (repetition maximum) back squats. At the end of the last set of squats subjects performed 3 successive vertical jumps. Control group subjects performed only warm up for 10 minutes prior to assessment of jump performance. Results showed highly significant difference (p=0.0002) between the pre and post values of vertical jump height in males and significant difference (p=0.0008) in females. The findings of the present study also vivid that there were statistically significant difference (p=0.0130) between the post values of vertical jump height in males as compared to females. This study illustrate that stronger athletes have a greater potentiation, which is due to an ability to become more fatigue resistant as strength level increase and post-activation potentiation effect shows enhancement of on jump performance in volleyball players. This protocol might be helpful for the athletes as well as athletic trainers, coaches to formulate an effective training protocol for the athlete who will enhance their acute performance.  Article visualizations

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOWER LIMB INJURIES IN UNIVERSITY LEVEL FOOTBALL AND HOCKEY PLAYERS OF PUNJAB, INDIA

The aim of the study was to find out the effects of epidemiology of lower limb injuries in university level football and hockey players of Punjab aged between 18 to 25 years. The sampling of this study confined to a group of 129 hockey players and 147 football players, (total 276 players) belonging to the state of Punjab. A thorough review of literature was done to develop a questionnaire on the basis of demographic data, predisposing factors, training profiles and extent of injury. Since the questionnaire was originally in English and local language so players were interviewed personally. Mean, standard deviation and percentile were calculated. Statistical significance was set up at p value ≤0.05. This study illustrates that ankle & foot were most affected sites (34.0% football, 36.4% hockey), the most common injuries were sprains (59.2% football, 48.8% hockey), strains (25.9% football, 29.5% hockey) and extent of injury was commonly moderate (51.7% football, 56.6% hockey). This study might be helpful for the players as well as trainers, coaches to formulate effective and appropriate training protocols with minimal risk of injuries.  Article visualizations

EFFECT OF 4 WEEKS COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON FENCERS WITH FAI (FUNCTIONAL ANKLE INSTABILITY) USING CAIT (CUMBERLAND ANKLE INSTABILITY TOOL)

Background: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate FAI (functional ankle instability) in fencers using CAIT (Cumberland ankle instability tool) and to check balance, strength & endurance using SLS (single leg stance test) and CRT (calf raise test). Using ZEBRIS HP Cosmos Gait Analysis System and find out the alterations in the gait parameters and effect of 4 week comprehensive rehabilitation program that targets strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, agility, mind body connection and functional tasks and to reevaluate the effect of the rehabilitation program on each of the above parameters. Methods: 40 male fencers with FAI with the age groups between 18-25 years. Experimental group (n=20) age (21.55 + 2.08) and the Controlled group (n=20) with age (21.95 + 1.905). Subjects were classified on the severity based upon the scores of CAIT scale. Age, BMI, height, weight were the baseline evaluations. Dominance, side of injury, no. of times ankle was injured, and treatment taken was also documented. The experimental group underwent a 4 weeks rehabilitation program and the control group was not put on any rehab program. Each of the parameters were measured again after 4 weeks. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the balance, balance improved significantly in the experimental group (P value of 0.00), the strength and endurance was also improved in the experimental group (P value of 0.00), the CAIT score was also improved significantly in the experimental group indicating the improvement in the stability of the affected ankle (P value of 0.00). The foot rotation degree showed no significant differences with (P value of 0.34). Step length showed significant differences in the experimental group (P value of 0.00). Stride length also showed significant post rehabilitation in the experimental group (P value of 0.00). No significant differences were seen in step width, step time and cadence. Velocity showed significant differences in the experimental group in post rehab readings (P value of 0.01). Finally the evidence suggests that the 4 weeks rehabilitation program improves the ankle instability in fencers, strength and balance was improved rendering the joint less chances of repeated & concurrent injuries, possibly improves the performance and game quality.  Article visualizations

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC CHANGES FOLLOWING SPRINT SPECIFIC PLYOMETRIC PROGRAM IN SPRINTERS

Purpose: The ability to reach a high running velocity over a short period of time is essential for sprinters. Sprinting requires appropriate muscle recruitment for an athlete to perform. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the sprint specific plyometric training on electromyographic (EMG) changes in sprinters. Methodology: 40 university sprinters volunteered and were randomly assigned into two groups, group 1 (G1; n=20) sprint specific plyometric training group(mean age 18.65±0.875; mean height 164.10±11.30 cm; mean mass 59.20±10.74 kg) and group 2 (G2; n= 20) control group (mean age 18.95±1.19; mean height 166.60±9.80 cm; mean mass 61.60±9.24 kg ). Both sprint specific plyometric training group and control group were assessed for neuromuscular activity of lower limb muscles by telemetric Noraxon TELEMYO U.S.A., Inc.v3.1.10 machine. Subjects in training group performed six weeks sprint specific plyometric protocol thrice a week. The EMG activities in the tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and semitendinosis muscle (ST) were assessed pre and post training. Results: The results showed significant changes (p<0.05) in the EMG activities for the mean amplitude of RF(rt), MG(lt), ST(rt) muscles and maximum periods of TA(rt), VL(rt), MG(lt) and ST(rt) muscles. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the neuromuscular training program can increase the muscle recruitment to perform high intensity activities hence, can be recommended to coaches for athletes or individual.   Article visualizations

Comparison of lumbar and abdominal muscle activation during two types of golf swing: An EMG analysis. (Comparación de la activación muscular abdominal y lumbar en la realización de dos tipos de swing en Golf: Un análisis electromiográfico).

AbstractGolf is a popular sport and golf swing is a complex movement which requires a coordinated sequence of muscle activity. Two types of golf swing exists i.e. “Classical” and “Modern”. Classical swing differs from modern swing in several respects, which are important when considering their effects on the lower back. The present study compared muscle activation amplitudes in the trunk region of golfers during two different types of golf swing. 22 golfers (21.5 years ±3.4) were instructed to perform modern and classical golf swing and surface EMG activity was recorded from external oblique (E.O.), internal oblique (I.O.), and erector spinae (E.S.) muscles of both sides. Results showed muscle activity of right and left side of E.O. and I.O. to be lower in modern swing than classical swing (significant difference p menor que 0.05 in downswing and impact phase), whereas it is higher for both sides E.S. in modern swing. The E.S. muscle activity during follow-through phase was significantly higher (p menor que 0.05) in modern swing compared to classical swing. Significant differences in E.S. and other muscles activity suggest inappropriate recruitment of these muscles in golfers during the modern swing. EMG evidence proposes that the modern golf swing produces more extension forces in the lower back compared with the forces of classical swing.Resumen El Golf es un deporte popular y el swing en golf es un movimiento complejo que reclama una secuencia coordinada de movimientos. Existen dos tipos de swing: el clásico y el moderno. El Clásico se diferencia del Moderno en varios aspectos que son importantes cuando se consideran sus efectos en la parte inferior de la espalda. Este estudio comparó la amplitud de la activación muscular en el tronco de los golfistas al realizar los dos tipos de swing. Veintidos jugadores de golf (21.5 años ±3.4) fueron instruidos para realizar el swing moderno y clásico, tomándose la actividad muscular (actividad EMG) del Oblicuo Externo (O.E.), Oblícuo Interno (O.I), y Erector Spinae (E.S.) de ambos lados del cuerpo. Los resultados mostraron que la actividad muscular de los dos lados del cuerpo fue menor en el swing moderno que en el clásico, tanto en el O.E. y O.I. (diferencia significativa p menor que 0.05) en el downswing y en la fase de impacto, mientras que fue mayor, en ambos lados del cuerpo, en el E.S. en el swing moderno. La actividad del E.S. durante la fase de seguimiento (follow-through) fue significativamente mayor (p menor que 0.05) en el swing moderno en comparación con el clásico. Las diferencias significativas en la actividad muscular del E.S. y en otros grupos musculares, sugieren el reclutamiento inapropiado de estos músculos en los jugadores de golf. La actividad electromiográfica (EMG) evidenció que el swing moderno produce una mayor extension de las fuerzas en la parte inferior de la espalda, en comparación con las fuerzas que produce el swing clásico.</p

Firm insoles effectively reduce hemolysis in runners during long distance running - a comparative study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Shock absorbing insoles are effective in reducing the magnitude and rate of loading of peak impact forces generated at foot strike during running, whereas the foot impact force during running has been considered to be an important cause of intravascular hemolysis in long distance runners. Objective of this study was to evaluate the intravascular hemolysis during running and compare the effect of two different types of insoles (Soft and Firm) on hemolysis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty male long and middle distance runners volunteered to participate in this study. We selected two insoles (Soft and Firm) according to their hardness level (SHORE 'A' scale). Participants were randomly assigned to the soft insole (group 1) and firm insole (group 2) group with ten athletes in each group. Each athlete completed one hour of running at the calculated target heart rate (60-70%). Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after running. We measured unconjucated bilirubin (mg/dl), lactate dehydrogenase (μ/ml), hemoglobin (g/l) and serum ferritin (ng/ml) as indicators of hemolysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our study revealed a significant increase in the mean values of unconjucated bilirubin (P < 0.05) while running with soft insoles indicating the occurrence of hemolysis in this group of athletes. Graphical analysis revealed an inverse relationship between hardness of insoles and hemolysis for the observed values.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results indicate that intravascular hemolysis occurs in athletes during long distance running and we conclude that addition of firm insoles effectively reduces the amount of hemolysis in runners compared to soft insoles.</p