Building science of Indian temple architecture

Every style of building construction reflects a distinctive principle that represents a particular culture and era. In this context, the Indian Hindu temples are not only places of worship but they are also cradles of knowledge, art, architecture and culture. The practices and traditions of temples exist not only in history but also in present time, which greatly influence the socio-cultural life of its people and gives continuity to traditional Indian values. The evolution of Indian temple architecture is marked by a strict adherence to the ancient models that has continued over many centuries. This paper presents the philosophical and practical aspects that govern the construction of a Hindu temple building and how they influenced the form of the Hindu temple. The various stages, construction techniques and processes involved in temple construction since ancient times have been studied not only though archival research but also through a comparative study. Dimensional studies have also been undertaken with respect to simple indexes of both the northern and the southern styles of Hindu temple architecture and are discussed in this paper

Multiclass Classification of Brain MRI through DWT and GLCM Feature Extraction with Various Machine Learning Algorithms

This study delves into the domain of medical diagnostics, focusing on the crucial task of accurately classifying brain tumors to facilitate informed clinical decisions and optimize patient outcomes. Employing a diverse ensemble of machine learning algorithms, the paper addresses the challenge of multiclass brain tumor classification. The investigation centers around the utilization of two distinct datasets: the Brats dataset, encompassing cases of High-Grade Glioma (HGG) and Low-Grade Glioma (LGG), and the Sartaj dataset, comprising instances of Glioma, Meningioma, and No Tumor. Through the strategic deployment of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features, coupled with the implementation of Support Vector Machines (SVM), k-nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Trees (DT), Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting algorithms, the research endeavors to comprehensively explore avenues for achieving precise tumor classification. Preceding the classification process, the datasets undergo pre-processing and the extraction of salient features through DWT-derived frequency-domain characteristics and texture insights harnessed from GLCM. Subsequently, a detailed exposition of the selected algorithms is provided and elucidates the pertinent hyperparameters. The study's outcomes unveil noteworthy performance disparities across diverse algorithms and datasets. SVM and Random Forest algorithms exhibit commendable accuracy rates on the Brats dataset, while the Gradient Boosting algorithm demonstrates superior performance on the Sartaj dataset. The evaluation process encompasses precision, recall, and F1-score metrics, thereby providing a comprehensive assessment of the classification prowess of the employed algorithms

Bruxism: Prevalence among Software Professionals

Background: Software professionals perform boundary-spanning activities and are always at the fear of job security and cost cut-offs. These characteristics of the software professionals are bound to have massive impact on their healthy living. Many studies have related bruxism with stress. Thus, this study is conducted to know the prevalence of bruxism among software professionals. Aims: To know the prevalence of bruxism among software professionals. Methods: A total of 232 randomly selected software professionals working for NASSCOM registered Bangalore based software companies were considered for the study. A questionnaire was specially developed to know the study subject’s demographic data, self reported bruxism data, details on personal habits and other details. The bruxism was recorded as per the ASDA clinical research diagnostic criteria for bruxism. The data was subjected to statistical analysis.  Results: In the study sample, prevalence of bruxism was 35.5% with no difference between genders. Bruxism rarely occurs alone. Conclusion: The prevalence of bruxism in the study population is 35.5%.The results of this study raise an important concern about the prevalence of bruxism among software professionals

Enantioselective transacetylation of (R,S)-β-citronellol by propanol rinsed immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Use of enzymes in low water media is now widely used for synthesis and kinetic resolution of organic compounds. The frequently used enzyme form is the freeze-dried powders. It has been shown earlier that removal of water molecules from enzyme by rinsing with n-propanol gives preparation (PREP) which show higher activity in low water media. The present work evaluates PREP of the lipase (from <it>Rhizomucor miehei</it>) for kinetic resolution of (<it>R,S</it>)-<it>β</it>-citronellol. The acylating agent was vinyl acetate and the reaction was carried out in solvent free media.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The PREP, with 0.75% (v/v, reaction media) water, was indeed found to be more efficient and gave 95% conversion to the ester. Using this PREP, with no added water, 90% ee for (<it>R</it>)-(+)-<it>β</it>-citronellyl acetate at 45% conversion (E = 42) was obtained in 4 h. The control with freeze-dried enzyme, with zero water content, gave 78% ee at 30% conversion (E = 13). FT-IR analysis showed that PREP had retained the α-helical content of the enzyme. On the other hand, freeze-dried enzyme showed considerable loss in the α-helical content.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results show that PREP may be a superior biocatalyst for enantioselective conversion by enzymes in low-water media.</p

BERGENIA CILIATA: ISOLATION OF ACTIVE FLAVONOIDS, GC-MS ANALYSIS, ADME STUDY AND INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF OXALATE SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES

Objective: Bergenia ciliata (family-Saxifragaceae) is a well-known herb for kidney stone. The main objective of the study was the identification of flavonoids along with ADME profile. Another supportive objective was to check inhibition of enzymes which perform active role in oxalate synthesis. Methods: The hydromethanolic extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction to obtain ethyl acetate and ethyl ether fractions. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 12 volatile chemical compounds belonging to hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, etc. were identified and characterized in ethyl acetate fraction through GC-MS analysis Fractions enriched in flavonoids showed glycolate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition with IC50 value (µg/ml) 65.76 and 69.84 respectively. The kinetic behaviour of the extracts that inhibit the Glycolate oxidase and Lactate dehydrogenase activity was determined by the Lineweaver-Burk plot. The mode of inhibition of the studied plant extract was type of a non-competitive inhibition. ADMET screening of compounds successfully passed all the parameters of screening. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it was found that Bergenia ciliata (rhizome) may serve as a novel and rich source of therapeutic compounds and it can be further explored for urolithiasis treatment purposes

Incidental adnexal masses during caesarean section: a case series

Adnexal masses originate in the ovaries, fallopian tubes or surrounding tissue. Adnexal masses can be found in women of any age and pregnancy is no exception. Reasons for adnexal masses going undiagnosed in antenatal period are asymptomatic and small (≤5 cm) mass size; the pregnant patients refused a pelvic examination and a transvaginal USG examination for the fear of abortion during early pregnancy. In 3rd trimester ultrasound, a gravid uterus may obscure the correct visualization and detection of an adnexal mass or it is often missed when we keep our focus on the baby and placenta. As there is also increase in caesarean section rate, the incidence has also increased. Here we presented a case series of 4 different cases, we had described variety of adnexal masses which were diagnosed accidentally during caesarean section and also about their management. Case 1-dermoid cyst, case 2-para ovarian cyst, case 3-complex cyst, case 4-includes 3 cases of simple cyst. Adnexal masses arising in pregnancy are functional, asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously. The risk of malignancy in persistent adnexal masses is low and ultrasonography is the preferred method to assess this risk. If the pathology is incidental finding in caesarean section, it is to be removed in the same setting to avoid surgery later

A comparative study of the clinical efficacy and safety of timolol 0.5% and travoprost 0.004% eye drops in primary open angle glaucoma

Background: Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is a strong risk factor for development of glaucoma. If the condition is detected early enough it is possible to arrest the development or slow the progress with medication that lowers IOP. Travoprost is a newer prostaglandin analogue lowers IOP by facilitating outflow of aqueous humor.Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, open labelled, parallel group study, in which sixty cases of newly diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) were included. After baseline clinical evaluation 30 subjects of glaucoma were treated with timolol 0.5% eye drop while another 30 subjects were given travoprost 0.004% eye drop and followed for 1 month to see IOP lowering efficacy of the two drugs. Statistical analysis was done using Open Epi 2.3 version for paired t test and unpaired t test.Results: In subjects treated with timolol eye drop mean reduction of IOP from baseline to week 4 was by 6.6mmHg while that of travoprost treated subjects was by 8.07mmHg. There was significant reduction in mean IOP of study subjects in travoprost group as compared to timolol group (P<0.05).Conclusions: Both timolol 0.5% and travoprost 0.004% eye drops are effective in reducing intra ocular pressure in POAG. On comparison travoprost was found to be statistically superior to timolol in lowering IOP in patients with POAG

Perinatal outcome in preeclampsia at tertiary care center

Background: In India, preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are still one of the leading causes of adverse perinatal outcome.Methods: The observation descriptive study of preeclampsia with predetermined sample size of 195 was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Government Medical College of Latur, over a time period of six month from March 2021 to August 2021. Findings are compared in frequency percentage values with the perinatal outcome of normotensive group from other study.Results: The prevalence of preeclampsia in our study was 4.1%. LBW found in preeclampsia group 32.3% versus 15% in normotensive group. Prematurity accounts for preeclampsia group 18.4% vs. 9% in normotensive group. Perinatal mortality rate is found to be 8.7 % vs. 2% in preeclampsia group vs. normotensive group respectively. Low APGAR score and NICU admission rate account for 14.8% vs. 13% and 16.4% vs. 11% respectively in preeclmpsia and normotensive group. Both FGR and oligohydroamnious accounts for 15.8% in preeclmpsia group. Important predictors of unfavourable perinatal outcome with p value significant (p<0.05), found in our study are severe and early onset of preeclampsia, severity of proteinuria and low birth weight.Conclusions: Adverse perinatal outcome in form of low birth weight, prematurity, fetal growth restriction and mortality is still high in preeclamsia patients than normotensive. So early diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia is very crucial along with screening in high-risk patients to prevent unfavourable perinatal outcome