Цитокиновый профиль пациентов с сочетанной кардио- и офтальмопатологией

Сочетанная кардиологическая и офтальмологическая патология имеет высокую распространённость в старших возрастных группах населения и общие патогенетические механизмы, к числу которых, безусловно, относится нарушение цитокинового профиля. Однако цитокиновый профиль крови практически не анализировался у пациентов пожилого возраста с сочетанной ишемической болезнью сердца с глаукомой. Цель исследования – изучение цитокинового профиля у пациентов с сочетанной кардио- и офтальмопатологией. Исследование выполнено в Тамбовском филиале МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза имени академика С.Н. Федорова» в двух группах: пациенты с сочетанной ишемической болезнью сердца с глаукомой (n=58 человек) и пациенты с ишемической болезнью сердца (n=49 человек), имеющих в обоих случаях одинаковый возраст 60-74 лет. Диагностика глаукомы проведена в соответствии с критериями «Национального руководства по глаукоме». Для диагностики ишемической болезни сердца выполнялись электрокардиографические, эхокардиографические, рентгенографические, энзимные исследования. Определение цитокинов в плазме крови проводилось на аппарате «Beckton Dickinson FACS Canto 2 (USA)» с помощью специального набора CBA (BD Biosciences, USA). Среди пациентов сравниваемых групп одинакового возраста выявлены достоверные различия по большинству цитокинов, а именно преимущественное повышение у пациентов с сочетанной кардио- и офтальмопатологией относительно группы с ишемической болезнью сердца. Повысилось в плазме крови пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца, сочетанной с глаукомой, содержание IL-5, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α c достоверным различием по сравнению с пациентами с ишемической болезнью сердца. Однако наивысшее увеличение среди рассматриваемых цитокинов характерно для IL-6 и IL-17, составившее у пациентов с сочетанной кардио- и офтальмопатологией 23,8±1,1 пг/мл и 20,2±1,7 пг/мл против 6,3±0,3 пг/мл и 7,9±0,5 пг/мл соответственно у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Вместе с тем существенно снизился уровень IL-4 и IL-10 до 2,2±0,2 пг/мл и 6,4±0,4 пг/мл против 4,8±0,3 пг/мл и 11,9±0,6 пг/мл. Использование логистической регрессии позволило определить величины относительного риска изученных цитокинов крови и разработать нескорректированные и скорректированные модели, согласно которым наиболее тесная ассоциация с риском развития сочетанной ишемической болезни сердца с глаукомой установлена для IL-6 и IL-17, с величинами относительного риска в нескорректированной модели 2,87 и 2,71 соответственно (p<0,001). Однако в скорректированной модели ассоциация IL-6 с сочетанной ишемической болезнью сердца с глаукомой повысилась до 2,92 (ДИ 2,80-3,27, р=0,004), а IL-17 уменьшилось до 2,64 (ДИ 2,51-2,85, р=0,003). Установлена также достоверная ассоциация IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, IFN-γ и TNF-α с сочетанной ишемической болезнью сердца с глаукомой. Исследование продемонстрировало новые ассоциации системных цитокинов с риском развития сочетанной ишемической болезнью сердца с глаукомой

Nonlinear Problems of Equilibrium Charge State Transport in Hot Plasmas

The general coupling between particle transport and ionization-recombination processes in hot plasma is considered on the key concept of equilibrium charge state (CS) transport. A theoretical interpretation of particle and CS transport is gained in terms of a two-dimensional (2D) Markovian stochastic (random) processes, a discrete 2D Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation (in charge and space variables) and generalized 2D coronal equilibrium between atomic processes and particle transport. The basic tool for analysis of CS equilibrium and transport is the equilibrium cell (EC) (two states on charge and two on space), which presents simultaneously a unit phase volume, the characteristic scales (in space and time) of local equilibrium, and a comprehensive solution for the simplest nonlinear relations between transport and atomic processes. The space-time relationships between the equilibrium constant, transport rates, density distributions, and impurity confinement time are found. The subsequent direct calculation of the total and partial density profiles and the transport coefficients of argon impurity showed a strong dependence of the 2D CS equilibrium and transport on the atomic structure of ions. A model for recovering the recombination rate profiles of carbon impurity was developed basing on the CS equilibrium conditions, the derived relationships, the data about density profiles, plasma parameters and ionization rates

Hydrogen Spectral Line Shape Formation in the SOL of Fusion Reactor Plasmas

The problems related to the spectral line-shape formation in the scrape of layer (SOL) in fusion reactor plasma for typical observation chords are considered. The SOL plasma is characterized by the relatively low electron density (1012–1013 cm−3) and high temperature (from 10 eV up to 1 keV). The main effects responsible for the line-shape formation in the SOL are Doppler and Zeeman effects. The main problem is a correct modeling of the neutral atom velocity distribution function (VDF). The VDF is determined by a number of atomic processes, namely: molecular dissociation, ionization and charge exchange of neutral atoms on plasma ions, electron excitation accompanied by the charge exchange from atomic excited states, and atom reflection from the wall. All the processes take place step by step during atom motion from the wall to the plasma core. In practice, the largest contribution to the neutral atom radiation emission comes from a thin layer near the wall with typical size 10–20 cm, which is small as compared with the minor radius of modern devices including international test experimental reactor ITER (radius 2 m). The important problem is a strongly non-uniform distribution of plasma parameters (electron and ion densities and temperatures). The distributions vary for different observation chords and ITER operation regimes. In the present report, most attention is paid to the problem of the VDF calculations. The most correct method for solving the problem is an application of the Monte Carlo method for atom motion near the wall. However, the method is sometimes too complicated to be combined with other numerical codes for plasma modeling for various regimes of fusion reactor operation. Thus, it is important to develop simpler methods for neutral atom VDF in space coordinates and velocities. The efficiency of such methods has to be tested via a comparison with the Monte Carlo codes for particular plasma conditions. Here a new simplified method for description of neutral atoms penetration into plasma is suggested. The method is based on the ballistic motion of neutrals along the line-of-sight (LoS) in the forward–back approximation. As a result, two-dimensional distribution functions, dependent on the LoS coordinate and the velocity projection on the LoS, and responsible for the Doppler broadening of the line shape, are calculated. A comparison of the method with Monte Carlo calculations allows the evaluation of the accuracy of the ballistic model. The Balmer spectral line shapes are calculated for specific LoS typical for ITER diagnostic

Tungsten Ions in Plasmas: Statistical Theory of Radiative-Collisional Processes

The statistical model for calculations of the collisional-radiative processes in plasmas with tungsten impurity was developed. The electron structure of tungsten multielectron ions is considered in terms of both the Thomas-Fermi model and the Brandt-Lundquist model of collective oscillations of atomic electron density. The excitation or ionization of atomic electrons by plasma electron impacts are represented as photo-processes under the action of flux of equivalent photons introduced by E. Fermi. The total electron impact single ionization cross-sections of ions Wk+ with respective rates have been calculated and compared with the available experimental and modeling data (e.g., CADW). Plasma radiative losses on tungsten impurity were also calculated in a wide range of electron temperatures 1 eV–20 keV. The numerical code TFATOM was developed for calculations of radiative-collisional processes involving tungsten ions. The needed computational resources for TFATOM code are orders of magnitudes less than for the other conventional numerical codes. The transition from corona to Boltzmann limit was investigated in detail. The results of statistical approach have been tested by comparison with the vast experimental and conventional code data for a set of ions Wk+. It is shown that the universal statistical model accuracy for the ionization cross-sections and radiation losses is within the data scattering of significantly more complex quantum numerical codes, using different approximations for the calculation of atomic structure and the electronic cross-sections

New approach to development and manufacturing technologies of duplex steel

We conducted a brief review of current production and application of duplex and super duplex steels for manufacture of equipment exposed to the hazard of sulphide stress-corrosion cracking, sea water and other corrosive environment. The super duplex steel with enhanced corrosion-mechanical characteristics in comparison with the known steels of austenitic-ferritic class was developed. Based on the concepts of formation of a special structure of two-phase austenitic-ferritic steels in the process of crystallization, the possibilities of compositional, technological, thermal and special impact techniques are considered and advanced ways of controlling physical, chemical, structural homogeneity and properties of super duplex steels are developed. Electroslag remelting with the application of low-frequency alternating current provides effective control over the length of the two-phase area, the size of the primary dendrites of the austenitic and ferritic phases, the average distance between their axes, the parameters of the crystallizing cell, the development of liquation phenomena and the size of the growing non-metallic phases. Within framework of the proposed approach, the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation and growth of hardening phases are assessed, a new composition and a complex technology for the manufacture of corrosion-resistant super duplex steels for gas and oil production equipment has been developed. Thermodynamically stable, having sizes of 30-300 nm, niobium nitrides and carbonitrides are located inside the grains of the ferritic phase. At the same time, the sigma phase and chromium carbide precipitates at the intergrain boundaries are not observed. The results of the determination of mechanical and corrosion properties in accordance with the NACE TM 0177 standard (method A), tests of corrosion witness-samples in field conditions demonstrate the advantages and prospects of using new super duplex steel for the manufacture of oil and gas production equipment operating in an environment with high H2S content and CO2 under significant mechanical loads, without the risk of brittle fracture

New generation of super duplex steels for equipment gas and oil production

Oil&gas producing industry today is increased production volumes from old deposits on land, offshore and deep-water. The materials used to create modern equipment that meets these trends should be distinguished by increased productivity in conditions of corrosion and high pressure, to ensure trouble-free operation. In such conditions, taking into account the necessary provision of acceptable cost indicators, there is no alternative to duplex steels. Their crystal structure simultaneously allows using the advantages of ferritic and austenitic phases. The report presents the results of using a compositional and technological methods for structure management, the rationale alloying with copper (3.0-3.3%). Application of ESR in the manufacture of steel billets of super duplex steel has demonstrated the ability to simultaneously achieve physical, chemical and structural homogeneity, ensuring high corrosion&mechanical characteristics. The thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation of optimal phase steel composition are determined. Grounded heat treatment regimes, prevent the formation of sigma and psi-phase and contribute to the formation of stable intermetallides (30-300 nm). Based on the test results of “Gazprom-VNIIGAZ” LLC the new steel is recommended for the manufacture of valve bodies and in-vessel internals used in the fields, that containing H2S and CO2 up to 25% in the fluid

Reduction of deficit in binders for backfilling mixtures

Relevance and aim of the study. Improving the quality of metal ores in development of complex deposits by underground method is provided by the use of technology with the laying of the cavities hardening compounds, but the extension of the scope of technology development with the laying of the cavities hardening mixtures is limited by lack of binding cements. Reduction of deficit in binders as a means of improving the quality of extracted ores through the involvement of mineral waste in production is an urgent task of mining science and the aim of the research. Methods. Research methodology includes the analysis of efficiency of ore extraction through the use of anthropogenic resources in underground development of deposits of metal ores, activation of components of solid mixtures in a laboratory ball mill for differentiated parts of the backfill array and interpretation of the results. Results. The authors have proved the possibility of reducing the deficit in the goods by making the binder solid mixtures on the basis of the utilized slag. The paper introduces the results of studies of the activation parameters of the granulated blast furnace slag in ball mill. The authors determined the concrete mixture strength dependence on duration of slag activation and recommended the economicmathematical model to determine the amount of profit from the disposal of tailings the metallurgical mining industry, taking into account the lost in ore extraction. It is shown that the disposal of hazardous during storage of mineral waste allows solving a set of problems in mining industry. Conclusions. Improving the quality of ores in their extraction and extension of application area of resource-saving technologies of exploration with voids bookmark with hardening mixtures is achieved by using available and cheap tails of technological processes

Reduction of deficit in binders for backfilling mixtures

Актуальность и цель исследования. Повышение качества металлических руд при разработке сложноструктурных месторождений подземным способом обеспечивается использованием технологий с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями, но расширение области применения технологий разработки с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями ограничивается дефицитом вяжущих цементов. Снижение дефицита вяжущих как средство улучшения качества добываемых руд путем вовлечения в производство минеральных отходов является актуальной задачей горной науки и целью настоящей статьи. Методы. Методика исследования включает в себя анализ эффективности добычи руд за счет использования техногенных ресурсов при подземной разработке месторождений металлических руд, активацию компонентов твердеющих смесей в лабораторной шаровой мельнице дифференцированно для частей закладочного массива и интерпретацию полученных результатов. Результаты. Обоснована возможность уменьшения дефицита товарных вяжущих путем изготовления твердеющих смесей на основе утилизируемых металлургических шлаков. Даны результаты исследований параметров активации гранулированного доменного шлака в шаровой мельнице. Установлена зависимость прочности бетонных смесей от продолжительности активации шлака. Рекомендована экономико-математическая модель для определения величины прибыли от утилизации хвостов металлургического производства горной отрасли с учетом потерянных при добыче руд. Показано, что утилизация опасных при хранении минеральных отходов позволяет одновременно решать комплекс проблем горного производства. Выводы. Повышение качества руд при добыче и расширение области применения ресурсосберегающих технологий разработки с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями достигается использованием доступных и дешевых хвостов технологических процессов техногенных месторождений.Relevance and aim of the study. Improving the quality of metal ores in development of complex deposits by underground method is provided by the use of technology with the laying of the cavities hardening compounds, but the extension of the scope of technology development with the laying of the cavities hardening mixtures is limited by lack of binding cements. Reduction of deficit in binders as a means of improving the quality of extracted ores through the involvement of mineral waste in production is an urgent task of mining science and the aim of the research. Methods. Research methodology includes the analysis of efficiency of ore extraction through the use of anthropogenic resources in underground development of deposits of metal ores, activation of components of solid mixtures in a laboratory ball mill for differentiated parts of the backfill array and interpretation of the results. Results. The authors have proved the possibility of reducing the deficit in the goods by making the binder solid mixtures on the basis of the utilized slag. The paper introduces the results of studies of the activation parameters of the granulated blast furnace slag in ball mill. The authors determined the concrete mixture strength dependence on duration of slag activation and recommended the economicmathematical model to determine the amount of profit from the disposal of tailings the metallurgical mining industry, taking into account the lost in ore extraction. It is shown that the disposal of hazardous during storage of mineral waste allows solving a set of problems in mining industry. Conclusions. Improving the quality of ores in their extraction and extension of application area of resource-saving technologies of exploration with voids bookmark with hardening mixtures is achieved by using available and cheap tails of technological processes

Reduction of deficit in binders for backfilling mixtures

Актуальность и цель исследования. Повышение качества металлических руд при разработке сложноструктурных месторождений подземным способом обеспечивается использованием технологий с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями, но расширение области применения технологий разработки с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями ограничивается дефицитом вяжущих цементов. Снижение дефицита вяжущих как средство улучшения качества добываемых руд путем вовлечения в производство минеральных отходов является актуальной задачей горной науки и целью настоящей статьи. Методы. Методика исследования включает в себя анализ эффективности добычи руд за счет использования техногенных ресурсов при подземной разработке месторождений металлических руд, активацию компонентов твердеющих смесей в лабораторной шаровой мельнице дифференцированно для частей закладочного массива и интерпретацию полученных результатов. Результаты. Обоснована возможность уменьшения дефицита товарных вяжущих путем изготовления твердеющих смесей на основе утилизируемых металлургических шлаков. Даны результаты исследований параметров активации гранулированного доменного шлака в шаровой мельнице. Установлена зависимость прочности бетонных смесей от продолжительности активации шлака. Рекомендована экономико-математическая модель для определения величины прибыли от утилизации хвостов металлургического производства горной отрасли с учетом потерянных при добыче руд. Показано, что утилизация опасных при хранении минеральных отходов позволяет одновременно решать комплекс проблем горного производства. Выводы. Повышение качества руд при добыче и расширение области применения ресурсосберегающих технологий разработки с закладкой пустот твердеющими смесями достигается использованием доступных и дешевых хвостов технологических процессов техногенных месторождений.Relevance and aim of the study. Improving the quality of metal ores in development of complex deposits by underground method is provided by the use of technology with the laying of the cavities hardening compounds, but the extension of the scope of technology development with the laying of the cavities hardening mixtures is limited by lack of binding cements. Reduction of deficit in binders as a means of improving the quality of extracted ores through the involvement of mineral waste in production is an urgent task of mining science and the aim of the research. Methods. Research methodology includes the analysis of efficiency of ore extraction through the use of anthropogenic resources in underground development of deposits of metal ores, activation of components of solid mixtures in a laboratory ball mill for differentiated parts of the backfill array and interpretation of the results. Results. The authors have proved the possibility of reducing the deficit in the goods by making the binder solid mixtures on the basis of the utilized slag. The paper introduces the results of studies of the activation parameters of the granulated blast furnace slag in ball mill. The authors determined the concrete mixture strength dependence on duration of slag activation and recommended the economicmathematical model to determine the amount of profit from the disposal of tailings the metallurgical mining industry, taking into account the lost in ore extraction. It is shown that the disposal of hazardous during storage of mineral waste allows solving a set of problems in mining industry. Conclusions. Improving the quality of ores in their extraction and extension of application area of resource-saving technologies of exploration with voids bookmark with hardening mixtures is achieved by using available and cheap tails of technological processes