Thermogravimetry Study of the Pyrolytic Characteristics and Kinetics of Fast-Growing Eucalyptus Residue

To utilize the fast-growing Eucalyptus residue (FGER) for energy application, the pyrolysis kinetics of FGER was studied by a new simple distributed activation energy model (DAEM) through thermogravimetry analysis at different heating rates of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100 °C/min from room temperature to 1000 °C. The results showed that the DAEM could fit the experimental data well. The pyrolysis weight loss process of FGER could be divided into four stages. The first and second stages were attributed to hemicellulose decomposition located at α = 0–0.1 and α = 0.11–0.34 with activation energies of 117 and 155.8 kJ/mol, respectively. It was found that cellulose pyrolysis occurred in the third stage, which covers a conversion range of α = 0.35–0.74 with <i>E</i> = 182.9 kJ/mol. The fourth stage represented the tails of the differential thermogravimetry curve and occurred at high conversion with a high activation energy value. The DAEM fitted the experiments well in low conversion, α < 0.8. The weight fraction distribution in the fourth stage was complex, which indicated the heterogeneity of the reaction

The DEGs of <i>Natrinema</i> sp. J7-2 cells in media of different salinities.

<p>A, Venn diagram for the comparisons of the DEGs of cells; the red circle represents the DEGs in 15% vs 25% NaCl and the blue circles in 25% vs 30% NaCl. B and C are volcano plots that describe the distribution of the DEGs in 15% vs 25% NaCl and 25% vs 30% NaCl; the red dots are up-regulated genes; the green dots are down-regulated genes; the blue dots indicate genes with no obvious differences.</p

Validation of DEGs by qRT-PCR.

<p>Six DEGs riched to the membrane lipid and energy metabolism from RNA-seq were selected to validate by real-time PCR.</p

Electron micrographs of <i>Natrinema</i> sp. J7-2 cells in media of different salinities.

<p>A, B, and C indicate the morphology of cells incubated in 15%, 25% and 30% NaCl media, respectively; the magnification is 10,000-fold; Bar, 5 μm. D, E and F represent the thin-section electron microscopy of the cells cultured in 15%, 25% and 30% NaCl; the magnification is 7,000-fold; Bar, 1μm.</p

KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs (Nat_15 vs Nat_25).

<p>KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs (Nat_15 vs Nat_25).</p

KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs (cells in Nat_25 vs Nat_30).

<p>KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs (cells in Nat_25 vs Nat_30).</p

Concentration of free amino acids of cells incubated at different salinities.

<p>Concentration of free amino acids of cells incubated at different salinities.</p

KEGG pathways of DEGs.

<p>A, cells in 15% vs 25% NaCl; B, cells in 25% vs 30% NaCl. The rich factor represents the degree of enrichment of DEGs in a pathway; the size of a dot indicates the number of DEGs, the color represents the region of the q-value—the closer to zero, the more highly significant.</p

Standard curve for ten-fold serial dilutions of virus SNJ1.

<p>The C_t values are plotted against the corresponding log of the plaque-forming units per ml. R² = 0.998; the amplification efficiency of qPCR is 99.27%.</p