In vitro Potency of Chemical Fungicides over Alternaria lini (Dey) Growth Inhibition Causing Black Bud Disease of Linseed

Linseed, the only economically significant species of family Linaceae is a dense plant with sound branches that gives rise to more production of seed per plant. It is a significant oilseed and fibre crop that grows in diverse range of climate from temperate to tropical regions of India. So, it is crucial to preserve the excellence and yield of such an oilseed crop due to its commercial significance. Linseed cultivation is impacted by a variety of fungal and bacterial diseases. Alternaria blight or often called as Black Bud Disease is one of the most important fungal diseases of this oilseed crop which causes yield loss ranging from 28-60%. The present study emphasized upon two objectives. First one is the survey of different cultivars that was conducted in various parts of Uttar Pradesh during the month of March-April, 2021-22 to assess the disease prevalence and severity of Black Bud Disease which revealed that cultivar Neelum had the highest disease intensity of 45%, while the variety Rashmi had the lowest disease intensity of 10%. Second one involves the study regarding in vitro potency of chemical fungicides that revealed the potency of three fungicides i.e. Tilt, Vitavax and Matco over 11 fungicides examined at 0.2 % concentration in fully inhibiting the growth of corresponding fungal pathogen, Alternaria lini. Rovral, Thiram, Folpet, Captan, Ridomil, Companion, Mancozeb, Zineb, Sulfex, Topsin-M, and Bavistin were the remaining fungicides in order of their inhibitory activity against the pathogen

A Comprehensive Review on Plant Disease Vectors and Their Management

Plant disease vectors play a critical role in agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. This comprehensive review explores the intricate nature of these vectors and their role in transmitting major plant diseases, including those of viral, bacterial, and fungal origins. It delves into the mechanisms underlying disease transmission, and the significant factors that influence vector efficiency. The socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these vectors are highlighted, with emphasis on crop yield reductions and ecological imbalances. Traditional and emerging vector management methods, such as chemical control, biological control, cultural practices, genetic engineering, and precision agriculture are examined. The review also addresses the challenges inherent to vector management, including resistance development, non-target effects, environmental factors, and socioeconomic barriers. Future perspectives are offered, emphasizing the need for sustainable strategies, exploitation of emerging technologies, enhanced surveillance, community involvement, policy support, and preparation for forthcoming challenges due to climate change, land-use alterations, and global trade. This extensive review presents a critical resource for stakeholders in plant disease vector management, guiding future research directions and policy-making

Studies on Variability on Isolates of Neovossia indica Causing Karnal Bunt of Wheat and Screening of Wheat Varieties

A basic meal consumed by people all over the world, wheat is traded more globally than all other crops combined. Tilletia indica is the cause of Karnal bunt, also known as "Partial bunt," which affects wheat and is one of the most significant seed-borne diseases. It has significant effects on the wheat trade because most importing nations require that there be no trace of Karnal bunt in wheat imported. To assess responses to disease, ten different genotypes of wheat were sown in matched rows. We planted K1006 and PBW343, two susceptible checks, following each genotype. An athichmist was established for a duration of thirty days, and all suggested agricultural practices were adhered to. The genotypes that demonstrated resistance to the pathogen (below 10% disease intensity) were PBW 343 and K-1006 (2 genotypes). The genotypes with a modest response were K-9107 and K-9162 (two genotypes with a score below 15%). The reactivity of the K793 and K 9006 2 genotypes was somewhat sensitive (below 40% score). The genotypes K9465 HD 2824, K0307, and C306 all showed extremely sensitive reactivity (score exceeding 40%)

Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest and Disease Management- A Review

This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the role of entomopathogenic microbes in insect pest and disease management. The study covers the taxonomy and classification of these organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, all of which have shown efficacy in controlling various insect pests. Entomopathogenic microbes represent a valuable, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, highlighting their significant role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The review reveals that entomopathogenic microbes affect pests at different developmental stages through various mechanisms, including disease induction, parasitism, and competition for resources. The effects are not just lethal but also sub-lethal, affecting pest reproductive capacity, growth, and development. The microbes secondary metabolites often have antimicrobial properties, contributing to plant disease management by suppressing plant pathogens. Despite their promising potential, challenges exist in the widespread application of these microbes. Factors such as formulation, delivery, and environmental conditions can influence their effectiveness. The paper also discusses the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in understanding the complex interactions between microbes, insects, and plants, which could lead to the development of more targeted and efficient bio-control agents. The review outlines future directions for this field, emphasizing the necessity for more extensive research to enhance our understanding of entomopathogenic microbes, optimize their use, overcome the current challenges, and harness their potential for sustainable pest and disease management. The need for regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective utilization is also underscored. This paper underscores the untapped potential of entomopathogenic microbes as acritical component of sustainable agriculture