Analysis and Design of Breakwater for Sea Water Intake Facility On South East Coast of India

The proposed power project site on the South East coast of India required the construction of breakwaters to prevent detrimental effects owing littoral drift along the coast and also to protect the intake channel lining against sea attack. This paper describes the geotechnical design and analysis for breakwater facility proposed for the site. The preliminary design of breakwater was carried out using raw geotechnical data made available in form of the few boreholes investigation and SPT N-values. The general soil profiles suggest that the stratum consist of 37 metres of soft clay below sea bed resting on medium dense to dense sand formations. Ground improvement was inevitable for the site and attempts were made to review the techno commercial feasibility of ground improvements in the staged construction framework for vibroreplacement and band drain installation. Slope stability analysis and time dependent settlement analysis were implemented for suggested staged construction sequence to ensure the desired stability at each construction stage. The partial treatment scenario was considered owing to practical limitation for carrying out the ground improvement along the full clay depth. The study describes the possible strength gain approach as geotechnical solution for such difficult sites to achieve techno commercial tradeoff. The stability analyses are addressed in the present study for each construction stage along with settlement analysis. The good quality geotechnical investigation carried out for the site has revealed that sound geotechnical judgmental engineering from the insufficient preliminary data can lead to converge better in this competitive environment

Fuzzy-Prešic-Ciric Operators and Applications to Certain Nonlinear Differential Equations

In this paper, we introduce a new class of operators called fuzzy-Preši´cCiri´c operators. For this type of operators, the existence and uniqueness of fixed point ´ in M-complete fuzzy metric spaces endowed with H-type t-norms are established. The results proved here generalize and extend some comparable results in the existing literature. An example is included which illustrates the main result of this paper. Moreover, some applications of our main theorem to the study of certain types of nonlinear differential equations are provided

Thermal Analysis of Radiator Core In Heavy Duty Automobile

ABSTRACT Background: Heat dissipation is one of the most critical considerations in engine design and with an efficient cooling system; performance of the engine can be dramatically improved. All internal combustion engines convert chemical energy into mechanical power. Around 70% of the energy is converted into heat and therefore, the primary job of the cooling system is to keep the engine from overheating by transferring this heat to the air. A radiator transfer's heat from the hot coolant to the air and an effective design of radiator will ultimately lead to enhanced engine performance by reducing the heating effect. Methods and results: A mathematical expression for the rate of heat dissipation from the radiator core was derived and a modification in the design was proposed in the radiator core by changing the structure of the tubes from cylindrical to helical. The rate of heat dissipation for both designs was compared with similar boundary conditions by varying the magnitude of all design parameters in a specific range that have same magnitude of area of cross section, length of the radiator core and coefficient of thermal conductivity for the tube. Enhanced rate of heat dissipation for helical structure confirms the efficacy of the proposed design

Modulation of Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Leakage in Rats by Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Cerebral and pulmonary syndromes may develop in unacclimatized individuals shortly after ascent to high altitude resulting in high altitude illness, which may occur due to extravasation of fluid from intra to extravascular space in the brain, lungs and peripheral tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of seabuckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract (LE) in curtailing hypoxia-induced transvascular permeability in the lungs by measuring lung water content, leakage of fluorescein dye into the lungs and further confirmation by quantitation of albumin and protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Exposure of rats to hypoxia caused a significant increase in the transvascular leakage in the lungs. The SBT LE treated animals showed a significant decrease in hypoxia-induced vascular permeability evidenced by decreased water content and fluorescein leakage in the lungs and decreased albumin and protein content in the BALF. The SBT extract was also able to significantly attenuate hypoxia-induced increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and decrease hypoxia-induced oxidative stress by stabilizing the levels of reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. Pretreatment of the extract also resulted in a significant decrease in the circulatory catecholamines and significant increase in the vasorelaxation of the pulmonary arterial rings as compared with the controls. Further, the extract significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced increase in the VEGF levels in the plasma, BALF (ELISA) and lungs (immunohistochemistry). These observations suggest that SBT LE is able to provide significant protection against hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular leakage

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DRUG DESIGNING OF TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVE OF NOSCAPINE AS TUBULIN-BINDING ANTICANCER DRUG

Objective: Microtubule-interfering drugs are commonly used to treat malignant disorders owing to indispensable role of this cytoskeletal element. These drugs include paclitaxel, docetaxel, and the Vinca alkaloids; however, owing to their non-selective action and overpolymerizing effects, these chemotherapy drugs are confounded by complications with serious toxicity (particularly, peripheral neuropathies, gastrointestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and immunosuppression) (by taxanes) or depolymerizing effects (by Vincas) on microtubules. Thus, there is urgent need to explore novel tubulin-binding agents that are significantly effective and comparatively less toxic compared to currently available drugs for the treatment of human cancer. The current study focuses fusion of two novel anticancer compounds with low toxicity, i.e., noscapine and triazole to generate a new ligand derivative.Methods: Using computer-aided drug designing approach and molecular docking, molecular interaction of these derivatives with αβ-tubulin heterodimer was confirmed and investigated by molecular docking along with dynamics simulation.Results: A greater affinity of the newly designed ligands for binding to tubulin was predicted. The predictive binding free energy (Gbind,pred) of these derivatives (ranging from −10.5178 to −16.8473 kcal/mol) based on linear interaction energy method with a surface generalized born continuum salvation model showed improved binding affinity with tubulin as compared to the lead compound. natural α-Noscapine (−5.505 kcal/mol). The binding energy of ligand determined using LigX, i.e., MM/GBVI was found to be −23.208 kcal/mol.Conclusion: We found that designed derivative compounds have better efficacy as compared noscapine and triazole

Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment

T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article

Optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence findings in chronic phototoxic maculopathy secondary to snow-reflected solar radiation

A professional mountain trekker presented with gradual, moderate visual decline in one eye. The subnormal vision could not be explained by the examination of anterior and posterior segment of either eye, which was unremarkable. Optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence imaging revealed subtle defects in the outer retina, which correlated with the extent of visual disturbance. A novel presentation of retinal phototoxicity due to indirect solar radiation reflected from snow in inadequately protected eyes of a chronically exposed subject is reported