Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an important model organism in biological research. One of the least explored tissues of zebrafish is blood, because the existing methods for isolating blood from this organism are tedious and irreproducible. The small volume of blood collected by these methods also prohibits many biochemical and cytological analyses. This technical obstacle limits the utilization of zebrafish in many applications, particularly in hematological research and plasma biomarker discovery. To overcome this limitation, we have established a novel method of extracting blood from zebrafish, based on the use of low centrifugal force to collect blood from a wound. This method consistently recovers more blood than traditional methods. Gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry showed that composition of blood harvested by this method is indistinguishable from traditional methods. The increase in yield enables us to perform biochemical experiments on zebrafish blood. In particular, we have demonstrated that quantitative proteomics can be performed on plasma collected from single zebrafish. Here, we have compared, by using shotgun proteomic analysis, the plasma proteomes of adult male and female zebrafish. Twenty-seven gender-dependent plasma proteins are identified and their biochemical importance discussed. Taken together, this novel technique enables analyses that were previously difficult to perform on zebrafish blood

Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an important model organism in biological research. One of the least explored tissues of zebrafish is blood, because the existing methods for isolating blood from this organism are tedious and irreproducible. The small volume of blood collected by these methods also prohibits many biochemical and cytological analyses. This technical obstacle limits the utilization of zebrafish in many applications, particularly in hematological research and plasma biomarker discovery. To overcome this limitation, we have established a novel method of extracting blood from zebrafish, based on the use of low centrifugal force to collect blood from a wound. This method consistently recovers more blood than traditional methods. Gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry showed that composition of blood harvested by this method is indistinguishable from traditional methods. The increase in yield enables us to perform biochemical experiments on zebrafish blood. In particular, we have demonstrated that quantitative proteomics can be performed on plasma collected from single zebrafish. Here, we have compared, by using shotgun proteomic analysis, the plasma proteomes of adult male and female zebrafish. Twenty-seven gender-dependent plasma proteins are identified and their biochemical importance discussed. Taken together, this novel technique enables analyses that were previously difficult to perform on zebrafish blood

Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an important model organism in biological research. One of the least explored tissues of zebrafish is blood, because the existing methods for isolating blood from this organism are tedious and irreproducible. The small volume of blood collected by these methods also prohibits many biochemical and cytological analyses. This technical obstacle limits the utilization of zebrafish in many applications, particularly in hematological research and plasma biomarker discovery. To overcome this limitation, we have established a novel method of extracting blood from zebrafish, based on the use of low centrifugal force to collect blood from a wound. This method consistently recovers more blood than traditional methods. Gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry showed that composition of blood harvested by this method is indistinguishable from traditional methods. The increase in yield enables us to perform biochemical experiments on zebrafish blood. In particular, we have demonstrated that quantitative proteomics can be performed on plasma collected from single zebrafish. Here, we have compared, by using shotgun proteomic analysis, the plasma proteomes of adult male and female zebrafish. Twenty-seven gender-dependent plasma proteins are identified and their biochemical importance discussed. Taken together, this novel technique enables analyses that were previously difficult to perform on zebrafish blood

Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an important model organism in biological research. One of the least explored tissues of zebrafish is blood, because the existing methods for isolating blood from this organism are tedious and irreproducible. The small volume of blood collected by these methods also prohibits many biochemical and cytological analyses. This technical obstacle limits the utilization of zebrafish in many applications, particularly in hematological research and plasma biomarker discovery. To overcome this limitation, we have established a novel method of extracting blood from zebrafish, based on the use of low centrifugal force to collect blood from a wound. This method consistently recovers more blood than traditional methods. Gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry showed that composition of blood harvested by this method is indistinguishable from traditional methods. The increase in yield enables us to perform biochemical experiments on zebrafish blood. In particular, we have demonstrated that quantitative proteomics can be performed on plasma collected from single zebrafish. Here, we have compared, by using shotgun proteomic analysis, the plasma proteomes of adult male and female zebrafish. Twenty-seven gender-dependent plasma proteins are identified and their biochemical importance discussed. Taken together, this novel technique enables analyses that were previously difficult to perform on zebrafish blood

Novel Blood Collection Method Allows Plasma Proteome Analysis from Single Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an important model organism in biological research. One of the least explored tissues of zebrafish is blood, because the existing methods for isolating blood from this organism are tedious and irreproducible. The small volume of blood collected by these methods also prohibits many biochemical and cytological analyses. This technical obstacle limits the utilization of zebrafish in many applications, particularly in hematological research and plasma biomarker discovery. To overcome this limitation, we have established a novel method of extracting blood from zebrafish, based on the use of low centrifugal force to collect blood from a wound. This method consistently recovers more blood than traditional methods. Gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry showed that composition of blood harvested by this method is indistinguishable from traditional methods. The increase in yield enables us to perform biochemical experiments on zebrafish blood. In particular, we have demonstrated that quantitative proteomics can be performed on plasma collected from single zebrafish. Here, we have compared, by using shotgun proteomic analysis, the plasma proteomes of adult male and female zebrafish. Twenty-seven gender-dependent plasma proteins are identified and their biochemical importance discussed. Taken together, this novel technique enables analyses that were previously difficult to perform on zebrafish blood

Polymer-Coated NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ Upconversion Nanoparticles for Charge-Dependent Cellular Imaging

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are considered promising novel near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging agents with the characteristics of high contrast and high penetration depth. However, the interactions between charged UCNPs and mammalian cells have not been thoroughly studied, and the corresponding intracellular uptake pathways remain unclear. Herein, our research work involved the use of a hydrothermal method to synthesize polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated UCNPs (UCNP-PVP), and then a ligand exchange reaction was performed on UCNP-PVP, with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), to generate UCNP-PEI and UCNP-PAA. These polymer-coated UCNPs demonstrated good dispersibility in aqueous medium, had the same elemental composition and crystal phase, shared similar TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) size distribution, and exhibited similar upconversion luminescence efficiency. However, the positively charged UCNP-PEI evinced greatly enhanced cellular uptake in comparison with its neutral or negative counterparts, as shown by multiphoton confocal microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements. Meanwhile, we found that cationic UCNP-PEI can be effectively internalized mainly through the clathrin endocytic mechanism, as revealed by colocalization, chemical, and genetic inhibitor studies. This study elucidates the role of the surface polymer coatings in governing UCNP–cell interactions, and it is the first report on the endocytic mechanism of positively charged lanthanide-doped UCNPs. Furthermore, this study provides important guidance for the development of UCNPs as specific intracellular nanoprobes, allowing us to control the UCNP–cell interactions by tuning surface properties