Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Nanoparticle Sensitized Metal–Organic Framework Derived Mesoporous TiO₂ as Photoanodes for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We present a facile hot injection and hydrothermal method to synthesize Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) nanoparticles sensitized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived mesoporous TiO₂. The MOFs-derived TiO₂ inherits the large specific surface area and abundantly porous structures of the MOFs structure, which is of great benefit to effectively enhance the dye loading capacity, prolong the incident light traveling length by enhancing the multiple interparticle light-scattering process, and therefore improve the light absorption capacity. The sensitization of CZTS nanoparticles effectively enlarges the photoresponse range of TiO₂ to the visible light region and facilitates photoinduced carrier transport. The formed heterostructure between CZTS nanoparticles and MOFs-derived TiO₂ with matched band gap structure effectively suppresses the recombination rates of photogenerated electron/hole pairs and prolongs the lifespan of the carriers. Photoanodes based upon CZTS/MOFs-derived TiO₂ photoanodes can achieve the maximal photocurrent of 17.27 mA cm^–2 and photoelectric conversion performance of 8.10%, nearly 1.93 and 2.21 times higher than those of TiO₂-based photoanode. The related mechanism and model are investigated. The strikingly improved photoelectric properties are ascribed to a synergistic action between the MOFs-derived TiO₂ and the sensitization of CZTS nanoparticles

Data_Sheet_1_Epidemiological investigation and prevention and control strategies of rubella in Anhui province, China, from 2012 to 2021.docx

BackgroundRubella is a highly contagious viral infection with mild manifestations that occurs most often in children and young adults. Infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of rubella epidemics in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 and explore the prevention and control strategies of rubella.MethodsA descriptive epidemiological approach was used to examine the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Anhui Province between 2012 and 2021.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2021, a total of 4,987 cases of rubella were reported in Anhui province, with an average annual incidence of 8.11 per million, demonstrating an overall downward trend (χ2 trend =3141.06, P 2 =792.50, P ConclusionThe incidence of rubella in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 continued to decline, with regional variations observed. The 10–34-year-old population without a history of rubella vaccination is at high risk for the disease. It is suggested to carry out rubella vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome monitoring according to the actual situation.</p

Imported Genotype 2B Rubella Virus Caused the 2012 Outbreak in Anqing City, China

<div><p>A rubella outbreak occurred in Anqing city of Anhui province, China, from February to July of 2012, and a total of 241 clinically diagnosed or lab-confirmed patients were reported. The highest number of rubella cases during this outbreak was recorded in teenagers between 10 and 19 years of age who had not previously received the rubella vaccine. Genotyping results indicated that the genotype 2B rubella virus (RV) was responsible for the outbreak. However, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the genotype 2B RVs isolated in Anqing City were not related to 2B RVs found in other cities of Anhui province and in other provinces of China, thus providing evidence for importation. After importation, the transmission of Anqing RVs was interrupted owing to an effective immunization campaign against rubella, suggesting the timeliness and effectiveness of contingency vaccination. Strengthening rubella surveillance, including the integration of epidemiologic information and laboratory data, is a vital strategy for rubella control and elimination. In addition, except for routine immunization, targeted supplementary immunization activities aimed at susceptible groups according to sero-epidemiological surveillance data also play a key role in stopping the continuous transmission of rubella viruses and in preventing further congenital rubella syndrome cases.</p></div

The geographic distribution of rubella cases in Anqing City, Anhui province, China.

<p>The geographic distribution of rubella cases in Anqing City, Anhui province, China.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of 27 rubella virus (RV) sequences from the outbreak in Anqing city and 13 RVs from other cities in Anhui province in 2012, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) reference sequences based on the WHO standard 739-nt window.

<p>The 32 WHO reference strains are indicated by blue triangles. The viruses from other cities are indicated by bold italic font. The viruses from 6 counties, 3 districts, and 1 county-level city of Anqing outbreak are indicated by different colors; and the first case of the outbreak is indicated by a red circle.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of 27 RVs from the outbreak in Anqing city (shown in red), 14 domestic genotype 2B RVs (2000–2014) (shown in blue), and 50 international genotype 2B RVs (1968–2014) downloaded from the GenBank database based on the WHO standard 739-nt window.

<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of 27 RVs from the outbreak in Anqing city (shown in red), 14 domestic genotype 2B RVs (2000–2014) (shown in blue), and 50 international genotype 2B RVs (1968–2014) downloaded from the GenBank database based on the WHO standard 739-nt window.</p

Number of reported rubella cases by age group.

<p>Number of reported rubella cases by age group.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of 27 Anqing RVs (shown in red), 10 RVs collected in 5 cities of Anhui province between 2012 and 2014 (shown in blue), and 11 2B RVs from other provinces of China during 2011–2014 based on the WHO standard 739-nt window.

<p>Genotype 1E and 2B WHO reference strains are indicated by blue triangles.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of representative Chinese measles viruses, compared to the WHO reference sequences.

<p>These trees are based on the WHO standard sequence window within the N gene. Panel A. Phylogenetic tree of 87 representative measles isolates from China during 1993–2008 compared to the WHO reference sequences for each genotype. Sequences from Chinese viruses of H1a cluster from 1993–2008 are indicated by blue and sequences from Chinese viruses of H1b cluster from 1994–2005 are indicated by fluorescence green, and WHO reference strains are indicated by red. All isolates from China, including 3 WHO reference strains(Hunan.China93-7/H1, Beijing.China94-1/H2, MVi/Menglian.Yunnan.CHN/47.09/d11), are indicated by solid rounded dots. Panel B. Phylogenetic tree of 5 measles vaccine viruses from China compared to the A genotype strains of Edmonston wild type and other vaccine strains used worldwide. Sequences from viruses isolated in China are indicated by blue, and A genotype wild type Edmonston strain is indicated by red. Two Chinese measles vaccines are indicated by green solid triangles.</p

The geographical distribution of the genotypes and cluster of measles viruses isolated in China during three periods between 1993 and 2008.

<p>The provinces where the measles viruses of the indicated genotypes (clusters) were found are shown. The location within each province is not indicated. Genotype H2 viruses in Beijing may be classified as imports, and 5 genotype A viruses in four provinces are vaccine associated (see the text).</p