Establishing Time-Depth Relationships Constrained by Modes of the Reservoir Architecture

Time-depth relationships (TDRs) can connect seismic and wireline logs, both essential characterization data of reservoirs. The seismic well tie is always a complex work on account of the complicated reservoir structures. Since seismic and logging data are responses of reservoir architectures, the seismic well tie can be efficiently improved constrained by the reservoir architectures. This study adopts a clastic reservoir as the study area. Three architecture modes (i.e., normal cycle mode, inverse-normal cycle mode, and homogeneous-normal cycle mode) are summarized based on combinations of architecture elements. For the generation of the synthetic seismograms, optimized wavelets (i.e., wavelet A, wavelet B, and wavelet C) are suitable for the wells belonging to normal cycle mode, inverse-normal cycle mode, and homogeneous-normal cycle mode, respectively. Precise TDRs are established by matching the synthetics and seismic traces. Wells belong to the same architecture mode and have similar TDRs. The two-way travel time is shortest in the same depth interval of homogeneous-normal cycle mode compared to other architecture modes

Varied behavioral responses induced by morphine in the tree shrew: a possible model for human opiate addiction

Tree shrews represent a suitable animal model to study the pathogenesis of human diseases as they are phylogenetically close to primates and have a well-developed central nervous system that possesses many homologies with primates. Therefore, in our study, we investigated whether tree shrews can be used to explore the addictive behaviors induced by morphine. Firstly, to investigate the psychoactive effect of morphine on tree shrews' behavior, the number of jumping and shuttling, which represent the vertical and horizontal locomotor activity respectively, was examined following the injection of different dosage of morphine. Our results showed intramuscular OM) injection of morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly increased the locomotor activity of tree shrews 30-60 min post injection Then, using the conditioned place preference/aversion (CPP/CPA) paradigm, we found morphine-conditioned tree shrews exhibited place preference in the morphine-paired chamber on the test day. In addition, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal induced place aversion in the chronic morphine-dependent tree shrews. We evaluated the craving for morphine drinking by assessing the break point that reflects the maximum effort animals will expend to get the drug. Our data showed the break point was significantly increased when compared to the baseline on the 1st, 7th and 14th day after the abstinence. Moreover, in the intravenous morphine self-administration experiment, tree shrews conditioned with morphine responded on the active lever significantly more frequently than on the inactive lever after training. These results suggest that tree shrew may be a potential candidate for study the addictive behaviors and the underling neurological mechanisms

Overfertilization in the Economically Developed and Ecologically Critical Lake Tai Region, China

China feeds 22 % of the world’s population, yet commands only 9 % of the arable land, necessitating an intensive approach to agricultural production. Food production more than doubled in China from 239.96 million tons in 1970 to 530.82 million tons in 2009. Among other factors, application of nitrogen fertilizers has contributed to this remarkable increase

Low Cd content emitted by humans into the atmosphere

According to the data in May, September and October 1993, the variation range of Cd content in the water body of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.07-0.23μg/L, which conforms to the national water quality standard of Class I. It indicated that in May, September and October, the water in the entire water area of Jiaozhou Bay was not contaminated by Cd content. In May, the variation range of Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.09-0.18μg/L. In the coastal waters of the north of Jiaozhou Bay, the Cd content reached a relatively high value, which was 0.18μg/L. In September, the variation range of Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.07-0.23μg/L. In the coastal waters of the east of Jiaozhou Bay, the Cd content reached the highest value, 0.23μg/L. In October, the variation range of Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.08-0.18μg/L. In the coastal waters of the east of Jiaozhou Bay, the Cd content reached a relative high value, 0.18μg/L. In terms of Cd content, the water quality of Jiaozhou Bay had reached high quality. The water was clean, and it was not polluted by Cd content at all. The Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay mainly came from two sources, the transport of surface runoff and the transport of atmospheric deposition. The Cd content from surface runoff transportation was 0.18μg/L, and the Cd content from atmospheric deposition transportation was 0.18-0.23μg/L. The Cd content transported by atmospheric deposition was very close to the Cd content transported by surface runoff, and was very low, ranging from 0.18 to 0.23μg/L, far less than 1.00 μg/L. This revealed that the humans had realized the importance of environmental protection, and the emissions to the environment were very low. The atmosphere, land and sea were not polluted by Cd content. The Cd content transported by atmospheric deposition 0.18-0.23μg/L ≥ the Cd content transported by surface runoff 0.18μg/L, which indicated that the Cd content was mainly discharged into the atmosphere by humans and then deposited on the land

Seed-Specific Expression of AtLEC1 Increased Oil Content and Altered Fatty Acid Composition in Seeds of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the major oil crops and is the fifth largest source of plant oils in the world. Numerous genes participate in regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of the storage lipids in seeds or other reservoir organs, among which several transcription factors, such as LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (AtLEC1), LEC2, and WRINKLED1 (WRI1), involved in embryo development also control the lipid reservoir in seeds. In this study, the AtLEC1 gene was transferred into the peanut genome and expressed in a seed-specific manner driven by the NapinA full-length promoter or its truncated 230-bp promoter. Four homozygous transgenic lines, two lines with the longer promoter and the other two with the truncated one, were selected for further analysis. The AtLEC1 mRNA level and the corresponding protein accumulation in different transgenic overexpression lines were altered, and the transgenic plants grew and developed normally without any detrimental effects on major agronomic traits. In the developing seeds of transgenic peanuts, the mRNA levels of a series of genes were upregulated. These genes are associated with fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and lipid accumulation. The former set of genes included the homomeric ACCase A (AhACC II), the BC subunit of heteromeric ACCase (AhBC4), ketoacyl-ACP synthetase (AhKAS II), and stearoyl-ACP desaturase (AhSAD), while the latter ones were the diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins (AhDGAT1, AhDGAT2, AhOle1, AhOle2, and AhOle3). The oil content and seed weight increased by 4.42–15.89% and 11.1–22.2%, respectively, and the levels of major FA components including stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid changed significantly in all different lines

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of three active compounds, forsythiaside A (FSA), phillyrin (PHI) and rutin (RT), from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The effects of various factors including a binary mixed solvent of methanol/water and ethanol/water, the pH of the solvent, particle size, temperature, solvent to material ratio, ultrasonic input power and extraction time on UAE were investigated in detail. The mass transfer mechanism of UAE using different mixed solvents was further explained by comparison with the maceration extraction method. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the experimental variables including ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of RT, FSA and PHI were: particle size 60–80 mesh, temperature 30 °C, ultrasonic power 200 W, ethanol concentration 50%, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 37 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UAE provided the highest extraction efficiency and offered many advantages including the reduction of solvent, temperature and time for extraction

Transcriptomic and Physiological Evidence for the Relationship between Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Salt Stress in Peanut

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the five major oilseed crops cultivated worldwide. Salt stress is a common adverse condition for the growth of this crop in many countries and regions. In this study, physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles of peanut seedlings exposed to salt stress (250 mM NaCl for 4 days, S4) and recovery for 3 days (when transferred to standard conditions for 3 days, R3) were analyzed to detect genes associated with salt stress and recovery in peanut. We observed that the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in S4 compared with the control, and increased in R3 compared with those in S4. Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (ΔI/Io) were inhibited in S4 and did not recover in R3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4 and increased in R3, whereas superoxide anion (O2-•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4 and decreased in R3. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1,742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress and 390 DEGs under recovery. Among these DEGs, two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4 and up-regulated in R3. Furthermore, ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery. Consistent with this result, 18:3 content decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery compared with that under salt treatment. In conclusion, salt stress markedly changed the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid composition. The findings provide novel insights for the improvement of salt tolerance in peanut

Distinctive Changes of L-Type Calcium Channels and Dopamine Receptors in the Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Striatum after the Expression of Habitual Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats

Habitual drug-seeking behavior is essential in the transition from recreational drug use to compulsive drug use and is regulated by the dopamine (DA) system of the dorsal striatum (DS). However, a comparative study of the two subtypes of DA receptors, D1 receptors (D1R) and D2 receptors (D2R), which have opposite regulatory functions, in habitual drug-seeking behavior is absent. Moreover, the effects of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) and the subtypes Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3, which are downstream of D1R and D2R, respectively, on habitual drug-seeking behavior have yet to be revealed. Therefore, based on the establishment of habitual cocaine-seeking behavior with changeable fixed interval (FI) self-administration (SA) training in rats, we compared the distinctive changes in D1R vs. D2R and Ca(v)1.2 vs. Ca(v)1.3 in the expression of habitual cocaine-seeking behavior in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Our results showed that approximately forty percent of the animals exhibited habitual behavior after cocaine SA training. In addition, the total and membrane Ca(v)1.2 and D1R in the DLS demonstrated higher expression, but the total and membrane Ca(v)1.3 and D2R in the DMS demonstrated lower expression in well-established cocaine habitual behavior animals compared with non-established habitual behavior animals. These results suggested that upregulation of D1R-Ca(v)1.2 signaling may enhance the function of the DLS and that inactivation of D2R-Ca(v)1.3 caused depressed activity in the DMS during expression of habitual cocaine-seeking behavior. The imbalanced function between the DMS and DLS, which causes a shift from the DMS to the DLS, may mediate habitual behaviors. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.</p

Research on corona characteristics and type selection of fittings in extra high voltage alternating current substation

In order to eliminate the energy loss and electromagnetic interference caused by corona discharge, the size selection and design of fittings under different voltage levels and different altitudes are studied in this paper. The corona discharge phenomena of several extra high voltage (EHV) alternating current (AC) substations are observed by ultraviolet (UV) imager. It is found that the areas with serious corona discharge in EHV AC substations are mainly concentrated on the shielding ring of terminal insulator string and shielding ball of conductor. The electric field calculation model is established for two typical fittings with serious corona discharge in COMSOL multiphysics software, and the distribution of electric field intensity on the surface of different sizes of fittings under the voltage level of 500 kV and 750 kV is calculated based on the finite element method. The results show that the maximum electric field intensity (MEFI) on the surface of the shielding ring of the terminal insulator string appears at the connection between the arc and the straight line of the shielding ring; the MEFI on the surface of the shielding ball appears in the ball head. Compare the numerical values of the corona onset field intensity (COFI) of the fittings at different sizes and altitudes calculated by using the physical calculation model of the COFI, so as to determine the size selection of the fittings at different altitudes and different voltage levels. The corona onset tests of fittings carried out in low altitude areas and high altitude areas verify the applicability of the size selection design of fittings at different altitudes and different voltage levels. The results show that the size selection design of fittings for 500 kV high altitude substation shall refer to the size selection of fittings for 750 kV plain substation