Tetra­aqua­bis[3-(3-pyrid­yl)-5-(4-pyrid­yl)-1,2,4-triazolido]nickel(II) dihydrate

In the title compound, [Ni(C12H8N5)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, the NiII atom is coordinated by the two N atoms [Ni—N = 2.094 (3) Å] and four O atoms [Ni—O = 2.063 (3)–2.083 (2) Å] in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The mol­ecule is centrosymmetric and the NiII atom is located on an inversion center. Inter­molecular O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex into a three-dimensional supra­molecular framework

Tetra­aqua­bis­(tetra­zolido-κN 1)magnesium

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Mg(CHN4)2(H2O)4], the MgII atom is six-coordinated by two N atoms from two tetra­zolide anions and four O atoms from four coordinated water mol­ecules in a slightly distorted octa­hedral geometry. The Mg atom is located on centres of inversion whereas the tetra­zolide anion and the water mol­ecules occupy general positions. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding between the tetra­zolide anions and the coordinated water mol­ecules

Bis(μ-5-carboxyl­atotetra­zolido)bis­[aqua­(2,2′-bipyrid­yl)cadmium(II)]

In the title dinuclear CdII complex, [Cd2(C2N4O2)2(C10H8N2)2(H2O)2], each Cd atom is in a slightly distorted octa­hedral coordination by two N atoms and one O atom of two 1H-tetra­zole-5-carboxyl­ate (TZC) ligands, two N atoms of a 2,2′-bipyridyl ligand and one water O atom. The TZC ligand acts in a tridentate N,O-chelating N-bridging mode to two symmetry-equivalent CdII atoms. The complex reveals mol­ecular C i symmetry. Extensive O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the crystal packing

Adaptive Fuzzy Learning Superpixel Representation for PolSAR Image Classification

The increasing applications of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification demand for effective superpixels’ algorithms. Fuzzy superpixels’ algorithms reduce the misclassification rate by dividing pixels into superpixels, which are groups of pixels of homogenous appearance and undetermined pixels. However, two key issues remain to be addressed in designing a fuzzy superpixel algorithm for PolSAR image classification. First, the polarimetric scattering information, which is unique in PolSAR images, is not effectively used. Such information can be utilized to generate superpixels more suitable for PolSAR images. Second, the ratio of undetermined pixels is fixed for each image in the existing techniques, ignoring the fact that the difficulty of classifying different objects varies in an image. To address these two issues, we propose a polarimetric scattering information-based adaptive fuzzy superpixel (AFS) algorithm for PolSAR images classification. In AFS, the correlation between pixels’ polarimetric scattering information, for the first time, is considered through fuzzy rough set theory to generate superpixels. This correlation is further used to dynamically and adaptively update the ratio of undetermined pixels. AFS is evaluated extensively against different evaluation metrics and compared with the state-of-the-art superpixels’ algorithms on three PolSAR images. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of AFS on PolSAR image classification problems

Diaqua­bis­(3-nitro­benzoato-κO 1)bis­[1H-5-(3-pyrid­yl)-3-(4-pyrid­yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-κN 5]cobalt(II) dihydrate

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Co(C7H4NO4)2(C12H9N5)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, the CoII atom, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by two N atoms [Co—N = 2.155 (3) Å] and four O atoms [Co—O = 2.099 (2)–2.117 (3) Å] in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components into a three-dimensional supramolecular framework

The shift of soil microbial community induced by cropping sequence affect soil properties and crop yield

Rational cropping maintains high soil fertility and a healthy ecosystem. Soil microorganism is the controller of soil fertility. Meanwhile, soil microbial communities also respond to different cropping patterns. The mechanisms by which biotic and abiotic factors were affected by different cropping sequences remain unclear in the major grain-producing regions of northeastern China. To evaluate the effects of different cropping sequences under conventional fertilization practices on soil properties, microbial communities, and crop yield, six types of plant cropping systems were performed, including soybean monoculture, wheat-soybean rotation, wheat-maize-soybean rotation, soybean-maize-maize rotation, maize-soybean-soybean rotation and maize monoculture. Our results showed that compared with the single cropping system, soybean and maize crop rotation in different combinations or sequences can increase soil total organic carbon and nutrients, and promote soybean and maize yield, especially using soybean-maize-maize and maize-soybean-soybean planting system. The 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing showed that different cropping systems had different effects on bacterial and fungal communities. The bacterial and fungal communities of soybean monoculture were less diverse when compared to the other crop rotation planting system. Among the different cropping sequences, the number of observed bacterial species was greater in soybean-maize-maize planting setup and fungal species in maize-soybean-soybean planting setup. Some dominant and functional bacterial and fungal taxa in the rotation soils were observed. Network-based analysis suggests that bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria while fungal phylum Ascomycota showed a positive correlation with other microbial communities. The phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) result showed the presence of various metabolic pathways. Besides, the soybean-maize-maize significantly increased the proportion of some beneficial microorganisms in the soil and reduced the soil-borne animal and plant pathogens. These results warrant further investigation into the mechanisms driving responses of beneficial microbial communities and their capacity on improving soil fertility during legume cropping. The present study extends our understanding of how different crop rotations effect soil parameters, microbial diversity, and metabolic functions, and reveals the importance of crop rotation sequences. These findings could be used to guide decision-making from the microbial perspective for annual crop planting and soil management approaches

Wolfberry genomes and the evolution of Lycium (Solanaceae)

AbstractWolfberry Lycium, an economically important genus of the Solanaceae family, contains approximately 80 species and shows a fragmented distribution pattern among the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Although several herbaceous species of Solanaceae have been subjected to genome sequencing, thus far, no genome sequences of woody representatives have been available. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 13 perennial woody species of Lycium, with a focus on Lycium barbarum. Integration with other genomes provides clear evidence supporting a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by all hitherto sequenced solanaceous plants, which occurred shortly after the divergence of Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae. We identified new gene families and gene family expansions and contractions that first appeared in Solanaceae. Based on the identification of self-incompatibility related-gene families, we inferred that hybridization hotspots are enriched for genes that might be functioning in gametophytic self-incompatibility pathways in wolfberry. Extremely low expression of LOCULE NUBER (LC) and COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR) orthologous genes during Lycium fruit development and ripening processes suggests functional diversification of these two genes between Lycium and tomato. The existence of additional flowering locus C-like MADS-box genes might correlate with the perennial flowering cycle of Lycium. Differential gene expression involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway between Lycium and tomato likely illustrates woody and herbaceous differentiation. We also provide evidence that Lycium migrated from Africa into Asia, and subsequently from Asia into North America. Our results provide functional insights into Solanaceae origins, evolution and diversification.</jats:p