Quantitative Measurement of Muscle Oxygen Saturation Using 5-Wavelength Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Fault Diagnostic

Regular physical activity can help people improve both physical and mental health. As people pay more attention on their health, fitness has become a popular activity. For individuals who have specific training goals, such as losing fat, gaining weight, and preparing to participate in competitions, it is important to avoid injury during exercise and improve the efficiency of training. Physiological monitoring during exercise, such as heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen uptake, and tissue oxygenation, is helpful for improve the effectiveness and safety of training. Many researchers are devoting their efforts to propose methodology and invent instruments of measuring these metrics. It is well known that heart rate is a commonly used measurement indicator, which can be measured on many fitness equipment and wearable devices. However, heart rate is a global parameter of the trainer's body and cannot represent the training intensity of a specific muscle. Because the muscles are directly affected by the exercise, it is necessary to measure the metrics of muscles to determine whether a specific muscle can tolerate the exercise load or not. If the muscles are overworked, there is a high probability of injury, which must be avoided. Hence, it is imperative to measure local muscles. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) is an indicator of the altering between oxygen delivery and consumption in the muscles. The more intense the exercise, the more oxygen is consumed by the muscles. So SmO2 is a good indicator to assess how fatigued a specific muscle is. In sports science, it is usually measured non-invasively by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Many instruments were developed by researchers previously based on different NIRS techniques and algorithms. In this thesis, a methodology of measuring absolue value of SmO2 was proposed for a wearable measurement device with one source and two detectors using 5-wavelength NIRS. The algorithm of fitting the light attenuation to the Taylor expansion model by bound-constrained non-linear least squares fitting was evaluated with simulated tissues. For in vivo measurement, an orthogonalization technique was introduced to reduce the effect of the absorption and scattering of overlying tissues. With comparison and analysis, the measuring SmO2 values of two designed running procedures were reasonable. During exercise, the trainer may not always wear the device correctly and the device may move or fall off. And some of the individuals may not exercise as the designed training procedures. So the measured data will be unreliable in these cases. In order to remind users to wear the device properly and to train as the designed procedures, a fault diagnostic method was proposed by machine learning approach in this thesis. With labelling data by its reliability and splitting data into different training status, a support vector machines (SVM) model with Gaussian radial basis function kernel was trained. According to two evaluation curves, ROC curve and cross-validation learning curve, the SVM classifiers in both training states can achieve an accuracy of over 97%. These trained models can be applied as a fault diagnostic for the measurement device. There is no screen on the device, so the results need to be displayed on a computer or mobile phone. In this thesis, an application that integrated the SmO2 calculation and fault diagnostic was developed in Matlab App Designer. With this application, after three clicks by users, the SmO2 curve during training and the absolute values could be displayed in the interface. Since the device didn't have the feature of real-time wireless transmission, a simulation of real-time mode was done to show the possibility of real-time measurement in the future

A Knowledge-enhanced Two-stage Generative Framework for Medical Dialogue Information Extraction

This paper focuses on term-status pair extraction from medical dialogues (MD-TSPE), which is essential in diagnosis dialogue systems and the automatic scribe of electronic medical records (EMRs). In the past few years, works on MD-TSPE have attracted increasing research attention, especially after the remarkable progress made by generative methods. However, these generative methods output a whole sequence consisting of term-status pairs in one stage and ignore integrating prior knowledge, which demands a deeper understanding to model the relationship between terms and infer the status of each term. This paper presents a knowledge-enhanced two-stage generative framework (KTGF) to address the above challenges. Using task-specific prompts, we employ a single model to complete the MD-TSPE through two phases in a unified generative form: we generate all terms the first and then generate the status of each generated term. In this way, the relationship between terms can be learned more effectively from the sequence containing only terms in the first phase, and our designed knowledge-enhanced prompt in the second phase can leverage the category and status candidates of the generated term for status generation. Furthermore, our proposed special status "not mentioned" makes more terms available and enriches the training data in the second phase, which is critical in the low-resource setting. The experiments on the Chunyu and CMDD datasets show that the proposed method achieves superior results compared to the state-of-the-art models in the full training and low-resource settings.Comment: Published in Machine Intelligence Researc

The Connotation of Kidney Stores Essence Theory and Kidney Endocrine Substance

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a traditional healing system with unique theoretical system. The Zang‐Fu theory is the closest mapping to body\u27s physiological and pathological changes. Kidney is the most vital Zang organ in TCM system. However, the material basis of kidney essence is still undefined. In this chapter, we propose the idea that kidney endocrine substances, such as renin, kallikrein, erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐7, and klotho, are potential candidates of the material basis of kidney essence. In addition, kidney‐nourishing therapy and related Chinese medicinal herbs are also introduced

Magnetic properties of Gd_xY_{1-x}Fe_2Zn_{20}: dilute, large, S\textbf {S} moments in a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid

Single crystals of the dilute, rare earth bearing, pseudo-ternary series, Gd_xY_{1-x}Fe_2Zn_{20} were grown out of Zn-rich solution. Measurements of magnetization, resistivity and heat capacity on Gd_xY_{1-x}Fe_2Zn_{20} samples reveal ferromagnetic order of Gd^{3+} local moments across virtually the whole series ($x \geq 0.02$). The magnetic properties of this series, including the ferromagnetic ordering, the reduced saturated moments at base temperature, the deviation of the susceptibilities from Curie-Weiss law and the anomalies in the resistivity, are understood within the frame work of dilute, $\textbf {S}$ moments (Gd^{3+}) embedded in a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid (YFe_2Zn_{20}). The s-d model is employed to further explain the variation of $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ with x as well as the temperature dependences of of the susceptibilities

Assessing the causal association of pregnancy complications with diabetes and cardiovascular disease

BackgroundTo the best of our knowledge, numerous observational studies have linked pregnancy complications to increased risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), causal evidence remains lacking. Our aim was to estimate the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.MethodsA two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed, which is not subject to potential reverse causality. Data for pregnancy complications were obtained from the FinnGen consortium. For primary analysis, outcome data on diabetes, related traits, stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) were extracted from the GWAS Catalog, MAGIC, MEGASTROKE, and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium. The MAGIC and UKB consortium datasets were used for replication and meta-analysis. Causal effects were appraised using inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), and MR-Egger. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out (LOO) analysis and the funnel plot.ResultsGenetically predicted gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was causally associated with an increased diabetes risk (OR=1.01, 95% CI=1–1.01, P<0.0001), yet correlated with lower 2-hour post-challenge glucose levels (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.82–0.97, P=0.006). Genetic liability for pregnancy with abortive outcomes indicated decreased fasting insulin levels (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95–0.99, P=0.02), but potentially elevated glycated hemoglobin levels (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01–1.04, P=0.01). Additionally, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was tentatively linked to increased risks of stroke (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.04–1.18, P=0.002) and CHD (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.2–1.4, P=3.11E-11). Gestational hypertension might have a potential causal association with CHD (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.01–1.22, P=0.04). No causal associations were observed between preterm birth and diabetes, stroke, or CHD.ConclusionThe findings of this study provide genetic evidence that gestational diabetes, pregnancy with abortive outcomes, and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy may serve as early indicators for metabolic and cardiovascular risks. These insights are pivotal for the development of targeted screening and preventive strategies

Layered lithium niobium (III) oxide - LiNbO2 as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst for H2 evolution

We thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/K006800/1, EP/K022237/1) and Anglo American Platinum for financial support and the Royal Society for a Wolfson Merit Award.The search for visible-light photocatalysts is of great significance in clean energy and environmental applications to best utilise solar radiation. Some layered semiconductor photocatalysts have been found to exhibit promising performance levels. Their superior activity has been linked to the layering within the crystal structure, which may facilitate separation of carriers and, hence the reduction and oxidation reactions. Previous investigations on layered materials focused on oxides containing early transition metal cations with d0 electronic configurations utilising ultraviolet radiation. Attempts to synthesise layered materials with visible light response have been less successful and the photoactivity of such materials is not very high. Here, we have investigated a layered semiconducting compound, LiNbO2 with nominal d2 electronic configuration (Nb3+). As a result of a sub-valence band originating from filled d orbitals, LiNbO2 exhibits visible light absorption extending to 650 nm and demonstrates interesting photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Influence of size of Nd:YAG capsulotomy on ocular biological parameters and refraction

AIM:To investigate the influences of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy with different size on visual acuity(VA), intraocular pressure(IOP), refraction, anterior chamber depth(ACD), and macular thickness(MT)in patients with posterior capsular opacification(PCO). METHODS: In this retrospective, constantly study, 41 eyes of 41 patients treated with Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy for PCO were divided into 2 groups according to the different incision sizes of capsulotomy: the patients received capsulotomy with the incision diameter less than or equal to 3.5mm were enrolled into group 1, while those received operation with incision diameter more than 3.5mm went to group 2. All patients were followed up before Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, 1wk, 1 and 3mo after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, and the best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), refraction, IOP, ACD, and MT were compared between two groups. RESULTS: In both groups, BCVA were significantly improved postoperatively compared with base line(PP>0.05). The diopter(SE)of the two groups were not significantly different before and after operation(P>0.05). Intraocular pressure in group 2 was higher than those in group1 at 1wk(t=-2.609, P=0.013). ACD decreased significantly at 1wk postoperatively(PP>0.05). Both groups had increased macular thickness lightly at 1wk postoperatively, but with no statistical significance(P>0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups at 1wk, 1 and 3mo postoperatively(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The increase in intraocular pressure is more pronounced when the size of posterior capsulotomy was larger. However, the changes of BCVA, ACD, refraction, MT are not related with the incision size of posterior capsulotomy