Study of Fully Homomorphic Encryption over Integers

Fully homomorphic encryption has long been regarded as an open problem of cryptography. The method of constructing first fully homomorphic encryption scheme by Gentry is complicate so that it has been considered difficult to understand. This paper explains the idea of constructing fully homomorphic encryption and presents a general framework from various scheme of fully homomorphic encryption. Specially, this general framework can show some possible ways to construct fully homomorphic encryption. We then analyze the procedure how to obtaining fully homomorphic encryption over the integers. The analysis of recrypt procedure show the growth of noise, and the bound of noise in recrypt procedure is given. Finally, we describe the steps of implementation.

The Intoxication Effects of Methanol and Formic Acid on Rat Retina Function

Objective. To explore the potential effects of methanol and its metabolite, formic acid, on rat retina function. Methods. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3- and 7-day groups and a control. Experimental groups were given methanol and the control group were provided saline by gavage. Retinal function of each group was assessed by electroretinogram. Concentrations of methanol and formic acid were detected by GC/HS and HPLC, respectively. Results. The a and b amplitudes of methanol treated groups decreased and latent periods delayed in scotopic and photopic ERG recordings. The summed amplitudes of oscillatory potentials (OPs) of groups B and C decreased and the elapsed time delayed. The amplitudes of OS1, OS3, OS4, and OS5 of group B and OS3, OS4, and OS5 of group C decreased compared with the control group. The IPI1 of group B and IPI1-4 of group C were broader compared with the control group and the IPI1-4 and ET of group B were broader than group C. Conclusions. Both of scotopic and photopic retinal functions were impaired by methanol poisoning, and impairment was more serious in the 7-day than in the 3-day group. OPs, especially later OPs and IPI2, were more sensitive to methanol intoxication than other eletroretinogram subcomponents

InAs/GaAs quantum dot laser epitaxially grown on on-axis (001) GaAsOI substrate

Quantum dot (QD) laser as a light source for silicon optical integration has attracted great research attention because of the strategic vision of optical interconnection. In this paper, the communication band InAs QD ridge waveguide lasers were fabricated on GaAs-on-insulator (GaAsOI) substrate by combining ion-slicing technique and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth. On the foundation of optimizing surface treatment processes, the InAs/In0.13Ga0.87As/GaAs dot-in-well (DWELL) lasers monolithically grown on a GaAsOI substrate were realized under pulsed operation at 20 \ub0C. The static device measurements reveal comparable performance in terms of threshold current density, slope efficiency and output power between the QD lasers on GaAsOI and GaAs substrates. This work shows great potential to fabricate highly integrated light source on Si for photonic integrated circuits

The Intoxication Effects of Methanol and Formic Acid on Rat Retina Function

Objective. To explore the potential effects of methanol and its metabolite, formic acid, on rat retina function. Methods. SpragueDawley rats were divided into 3-and 7-day groups and a control. Experimental groups were given methanol and the control group were provided saline by gavage. Retinal function of each group was assessed by electroretinogram. Concentrations of methanol and formic acid were detected by GC/HS and HPLC, respectively. Results. The a and b amplitudes of methanol treated groups decreased and latent periods delayed in scotopic and photopic ERG recordings. The summed amplitudes of oscillatory potentials (OPs) of groups B and C decreased and the elapsed time delayed. The amplitudes of OS1, OS3, OS4, and OS5 of group B and OS3, OS4, and OS5 of group C decreased compared with the control group. The IPI1 of group B and IPI1-4 of group C were broader compared with the control group and the IPI1-4 and ET of group B were broader than group C. Conclusions. Both of scotopic and photopic retinal functions were impaired by methanol poisoning, and impairment was more serious in the 7-day than in the 3-day group. OPs, especially later OPs and IPI2, were more sensitive to methanol intoxication than other eletroretinogram subcomponents

Genomic Inference of the Metabolism and Evolution of the Archaeal Phylum Aigarchaeota

Microbes of the phylum Aigarchaeota are widely distributed in geothermal environments, but their physiological and ecological roles are poorly understood. Here we analyze six Aigarchaeota metagenomic bins from two circumneutral hot springs in Tengchong, China, to reveal that they are either strict or facultative anaerobes, and most are chemolithotrophs that can perform sulfide oxidation. Applying comparative genomics to the Thaumarchaeota and Aigarchaeota, we find that they both originated from thermal habitats, sharing 1154 genes with their common ancestor. Horizontal gene transfer played a crucial role in shaping genetic diversity of Aigarchaeota and led to functional partitioning and ecological divergence among sympatric microbes, as several key functional innovations were endowed by Bacteria, including dissimilatory sulfite reduction and possibly carbon monoxide oxidation. Our study expands our knowledge of the possible ecological roles of the Aigarchaeota and clarifies their evolutionary relationship to their sister lineage Thaumarchaeota