Total polysaccharides, 1,3-β-D-glucan, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids of <i>A</i>. <i>camphorata</i> fruiting body.

<p>Total polysaccharides, 1,3-β-D-glucan, triterpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids of <i>A</i>. <i>camphorata</i> fruiting body.</p

Antioxidant effects of EE-AC.

<p>(A) Determination of DPPH-scavenging ability. (B) Measurement of SOD-like-scavenging activity. Vitamin C (Vit C) was used as a positive control. Values are represented as percentage of negative control (C; 0.1% DMSO). Data are presented as mean ± SD. **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Effects of EE-AC on the induction of apoptosis in B16-F0 cells.

<p>(A) Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or IC₅₀ values of cisplatin (10 μM) or EE-AC (50 μg/mL) for 48 h and then stained with annexin V-FITC and PI. The annexin V-FITC signal is shown on the X axis; the PI signal is shown on the Y axis. A representative dot plot of the FACScan profile shows the percentage of early apoptotic cells in the right-bottom panel of each plot. (B) Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or cisplatin (10 μM), or EE-AC (50 μg/mL) for 48 h. Nuclear morphology was examined with an inverted fluorescence microscope. Arrows indicate condensed or fragmented nuclei. Scale bars represent 10 μm.</p

Effects of cisplatin and the ethanolic extract of <i>Antrodia camphorata</i> fruiting body (EE-AC) on cell cycle regulation in B16-F0 cells.

<p>Effects of cisplatin and the ethanolic extract of <i>Antrodia camphorata</i> fruiting body (EE-AC) on cell cycle regulation in B16-F0 cells.</p

The cytotoxic effect of EE-AC on B16-F0 cells.

<p>Cells were treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or various concentrations of drug for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. (A) Cytotoxicity of cisplatin against B16-F0 cells. (B) Cytotoxicity of EE-AC against B16-F0 cells (Black bars) or HEK-293 cells (Grey bars).</p

Anti-melanogenic effect of EE-AC in cell-free system.

<p>(A) Determination of Cu⁺² reducing power of EE-AC. Vitamin C (Vit C) was used as a reference antioxidant. Values are significantly different by comparison with the negative control (C; 0.1% DMSO), and the data are presented as mean ± SD. **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001. (B) Determination of mushroom tyrosinase activity. Kojic acid was used as a positive control. Results are represented as percentages of negative control (0.1% DMSO), and the data are presented as mean ± SD. Values are significantly different by comparison with the negative control. *<i>p</i> < 0.05; **<i>p</i> < 0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

EE-AC inhibits the motility of B16-F0 cells.

<p>B16-F0 cells were scratched and treated with 0.1% DMSO (negative control) or IC₅₀ values of cisplatin (10 μM) or EE-AC (50 μg/mL). Inhibition of migration was observed using a phase contrast microscope (100 × magnification) at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h (Top panel), and the closure of the wound area was calculated (bottom panel). Values are significantly different by comparison with the cisplatin group. *<i>p</i> < 0.05; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Structural characteristics of collagen from cuttlefish skin waste extracted at optimized conditions

Aquatic by-products during fish processing cause environmental pollution and increase disposal costs. Cuttlefish skin is one of the major by-products of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) processing and is generally thrown as a by-product. It can cause severe environmental problems and odor. It has been discovered that cuttlefish skin can be an excellent resource for producing attractive amounts of collagen. This study optimized collagen extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, SDS-PAGE, specific charge, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characteristics of extracted collagen were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for cuttlefish skin collagen are pH 1.5, 20 mg/L (solid-liquid ratio), 15 U/mg (Pepsin), and the average extraction rate can be obtained as 8.79%. The results of LC/MS/MS analysis of the collagen samples extracted in this study showed that the main m/z signal of proline produced by mass spectrometry was between 2000–4000. Collagen extracted from the cuttlefish skin is type I collagen, which consists of 2 α chains and 1 β chain (α2, α1, β). SEM analysis of collagen confirmed the presence of collagen fibrils in the cuttlefish skin similar to previous reports. Using the response surface methodology, optimal collagen extraction conditions pH 1.5, 20 mg/L (solid-liquid ratio), and 15 U/mg (Pepsin) can be obtained to recycle and utilize by-products.</p

Bifunctional Peppermint Oil Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Activity and Fluorescence Imaging

Essential oil from peppermint plants was used to prepare luminescent nanoparticles via a simple, one-step, thermal synthesis process. The peppermint oil nanoparticles (NPs) had a narrow particle size distribution (1.5 ± 0.5 nm) with prominent blue emission under UV irradiation. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the peppermint oil NP dispersion exhibited characteristic emission peaks when excited from 350 to 540 nm. The characteristic fragment from GC/MS shows the peppermint oil contains various components with antimicrobial activities. These components underwent conversion while forming the NPs via heat treatment. Transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the NP chemical composition, and revealed that functional groups, such as CO, C–O, and −CH, were present on the NP surfaces, which could act as fluorescent emissive traps. Additionally, the NPs exhibited strong antimicrobial efficiency and demonstrated good fluorescent emission during bacteria imaging, making them good candidates as antibacterial agents and multifluorescence tracers for bacterial disease treatment