Flow chart showing 909 HIV-infected individuals recruited for final analysis.

<p>T-SPOT.<i>TB</i>  = (commercial form of interferon-gamma release assay from Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, UK); TST =  tuberculin skin test; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy.</p

Predictors of positive TST and T-SPOT.TB result in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: aOR = adjusted Odds ratio; CI = 95% confidence interval; MSM = man who had sex with man; IDU = injecting drug use; ART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TST =  tuberculin skin test.</p><p>*use participants with dual negative results as the reference group.</p>#<p>duration over 6 months.</p><p>All variables were included in multiple logistic regression analysis for adjustment.</p

Incidence and relative risks for active TB in HIV-infected individuals with positive TST, T-SPOT.TB and dual positive results, compared with individuals with negative results.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; CI = confidence interval; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy; PY = person-year; TST =  tuberculin skin test. RR =  relative risk.</p><p>*Relative risk was calculated by Poisson regression method and the cell with “zero case” was assigned to 0.5 for calculation.</p><p>Individuals with IPT were excluded.</p

Risk for active TB among patients with dual positive results of TST and T-SPOT.TB stratified by receiving IPT or not.

<p>The TB incidence was 4.9 case per 100 PY for participants without IPT vs. 0.66 case per 100 PY for participants received IPT, p<0.05 by log-rank test. TST =  tuberculin skin test; IPT = isoniazid preventive therapy.</p

Agreement between T-SPOT.TB assay and Tuberculin Skin Tests, stratified by age and CD4+ lymphocyte counts groups and BCG vaccination status.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TST =  tuberculin skin test.</p><p>*A TST reaction ≧5 mm was considered as positive.</p

Demographic data of enrolled participants at time of simultaneous T-SPOT.TB and TST.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: MSM = man who had sex with man; IDU = injecting drug use; ART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin; TST =  tuberculin skin test.</p>#<p>83 cases missed data of BCG scars; 133 cases missed TB contact history.</p

Multicenter study of skin rashes and hepatotoxicity in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor plus nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in Taiwan

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Two nucleos(<i>t</i>)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 non-NRTI (nNRTI) remain the preferred or alternative combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for antiretroviral-naive HIV-positive patients in Taiwan. The three most commonly used nNRTIs are nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV) and rilpivirine (RPV). This study aimed to determine the incidences of hepatotoxicity and skin rashes within 4 weeks of initiation of cART containing 1 nNRTI plus 2 NRTIs.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Between June, 2012 and November, 2015, all antiretroviral-naive HIV-positive adult patients initiating nNRTI-containing cART at 8 designated hospitals for HIV care were included in this retrospective observational study. According to the national HIV treatment guidelines, patients were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks of cART initiation, and subsequently every 8 to 12 weeks. Plasma HIV RNA load, CD4 cell count and aminotransferases were determined. The toxicity grading scale of the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2014 was used for reporting clinical and laboratory adverse events.</p><p>Results</p><p>During the 3.5-year study period, 2,341 patients initiated nNRTI-containing cART: NVP in 629 patients, EFV 1,363 patients, and RPV 349 patients. Rash of any grade occurred in 14.1% (n = 331) of the patients. In multiple logistic regression analysis, baseline CD4 cell counts (per 100-cell/μl increase, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.125; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.031–1.228) and use of NVP (AOR, 2.443; 95% CI, 1.816–3.286) (compared with efavirenz) were independently associated with the development of skin rashes. Among the 1,455 patients (62.2%) with aminotransferase data both at baseline and week 4, 72 (4.9%) developed grade 2 or greater hepatotoxicity. In multiple logistic regression analysis, presence of antibody for hepatitis C virus (HCV) (AOR, 2.865; 95% CI, 1.439–5.704) or hepatitis B surface antigen (AOR, 2.397; 95% CI, 1.150–4.997), and development of skin rashes (AOR, 2.811; 95% CI, 1.051–7.521) were independently associated with the development of hepatotoxicity.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The baseline CD4 cell counts and use of NVP were associated with increased risk of skin rashes, while hepatotoxicity was independently associated with HCV or hepatitis B virus coinfection, and development of skin rashes in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive Taiwanese patients within 4 weeks of initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens.</p></div

Univariate analyses for factors associated with skin rash after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks.

<p>Univariate analyses for factors associated with skin rash after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks.</p

Multivariate analyses for factors associated with hepatotoxicity after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks (HBV/HIV co-infected vs HIV mono-infected).

<p>Multivariate analyses for factors associated with hepatotoxicity after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks (HBV/HIV co-infected vs HIV mono-infected).</p

Univariate analyses for factors associated with hepatotoxicity after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks.

<p>Univariate analyses for factors associated with hepatotoxicity after initiation of nNRTI-containing regimens within the first 4 weeks.</p