SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR SECOND GENERATION E-GOVERNANCE

The emerging technological development in information and communication technology has opened a new gateway for the virtual form of communication in form of social networking sites. Now, there are a variety of online social media applications to enable communication between people, groups. The increasing popularity of these networking sites among all class of society has compelled to the government to think about use of this kind of model for providing SMART E-governance.The first phase of e-governance was merely intend towards web presence of public institutions and dissemination of information but with the passage of the time the expatiations of people from Government are keep changing and becoming more demanding in order to seek second phase of egovernance to get - on line-real time delivery of administration. The present paper makes an attempt to explore the relevance of social networking sites as an effective tool for e-governance in India.The paper seeks to provide a solution where by network sites could be used for solving various social and economical problems seen in Government machinery. The paper is descriptive in nature and would be helpful to the Government as well as people to insure second generation e-governance

CYBER CRIMES: A THREAT TO HUMANITY

Good and bad has co-existence since the beginning of the world. Where first one comprises all things which are essential for wellbeing of all whereas other ones connotes negativity. Unfortunately technology cannot be mention as an exception of this rule. The internet and its technologies has opened up many opportunities for all countries to develop their economies. On one hand our scientist, technocrats are using this advanced stream of science for betterment of all and to make India self-dependent and secure from attack of our enemies while on the other hand a very well structured groups (Independent or Nation sponsored) are also using these technologies as a tool to make INDIA weak and helpless.Cyber criminals perform various acts like cyber stalking, on-line harassment, on-line defamation, hacking, and so forth collectively we call it cybercrime. When these activities are managed by organized group systematically and deliberately we term it as CYBER TERRORISM. Cyber terrorism is a well-planned and organized use of technologies by cyber experts resides inside and outside the country for anti-national activities. Although our government is well capable to fight against such challenges it requires support, awareness and alertness from people.This paper highlights some of the basics of cyber terrorism. This paper further discusses about the threats of cyber terrorism and the present status of various cybercrimes in India. This paper aims at creating awareness on cybercrime and suggests check on cybercrime.

Spectrum of esophagitis in children with cerebral palsy - A clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological correlation

Background: Gastrointestinal disease is frequent in children with severe neurological impairment and developmental disability. Dysphagia may worsen due to concurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and non-GERD esophagitis in children. Objective: The aim of our study was to study the spectrum of causes of esophagitis in cerebral palsy (CP) children with feeding difficulty. Methods: Children of CP with feeding difficulties in the age group of 1–18 years were included after written consent. Dysphagia in these childrenwas categorized according to the dysphagia disorder survey (DDS) score. Children who were unfit for endoscopy or having profound dysphagia were excluded from the study. UGI endoscopy and histopathological evaluation of esophagus was done in all the children. Results: Children of CP had a mean DDS score of 4.02±2.50. Endoscopic evidence of esophagitis was seen in 22 children (24.4%). Histological evidence was seen in 15 children; out of them, 11 had GERD-related esophagitis and 2 each had eosinophilic and fungalesophagitis. The mean DDS score and weight significantly improved in children with GERD after they were given specific treatment. Conclusion: Esophagitis whether GERD or non-GERD is an important and treatable cause of dysphagia in children with CP. Effort should be made to recognize and treat these causes for effective nutritional rehabilitation of this subset of children

Acute leukemia after cytotoxic treatment in a child with nephrotic syndrome

Renal involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) occurs due to several factors including leukemic infiltration of the kidneys, therapy-related side effects such as tumor lysis syndrome, nephrotoxic drugs, and septicemias. A 3-year-old boy with nephrotic syndrome (NS) who was previously treated with prednisolone and cyclosporine A for 14 months after the initial diagnosis of NS, presented to the emergency department with fever, breathing difficulty, generalized edema, and body pain with pallor, without evidence of lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, petechiae, or purpura. On investigation, peripheral blood smear showed blast cells >80% and bone marrow aspiration showed complete replacement of the marrow with L1 lymphoblasts, consistent with a diagnosis of ALL. The exact mechanism of developing acute leukemia after cytotoxic treatment has not been established; the possibility must be considered that the incidence of this malignant disease is increased after cytotoxic treatment for nonmalignant diseases

Structural and antigenic variance between novel influenza A/H1N1/2009 and influenza A/H1N1/2008 viruses

BACKGROUND: The emergence of influenza A/H1N1/2009 is alarming. The severity of previous epidemics suggests that the susceptibility of the human population to H1N1 is directly proportional to the degree of changes in hemagglutinin/HA and neuraminidase/NA; therefore, H1N1/2009 and H1N1/2008 were analyzed for their sequence as well as structural divergence. METHODOLOGY: The structural and sequence divergence of H1N1/2009 and H1N1/2008 strains were analyzed by aligning HA and NA amino acid sequences by using ClustalW and ESyPred3D software. To determine the variations in sites of viral attachment to host cells, a comparison between amino acid sequences of HA and NA glycosylation sites was performed with NetNGlyc software. The antigenic divergence was executed by CTL epitope prediction method. RESULTS: The amino acid homology levels of H1N1/2009 were 20.32% and 18.73% compared to H1N1/2008 for HA and NA genes, respectively. In spite of the high variation in HA and NA amino acid composition, there was no significant difference in their structures. Antigenic analysis proposes that great antigenic differences exist between both the viral strains, but no addition of a new site of glycosylation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting that the circulating novel influenza virus A/H1N1/2009 attaches to the same glycosylation receptor sites as its predecessor influenza A/H1N1/2008 virus, but is antigenically different and may have the potential for initiating a significant pandemic. Our study may facilitate the development of better therapeutics and preventive strategies, as well as impart clues for novel H1N1 diagnostic and vaccine development

OncomiRdbB: a comprehensive database of microRNAs and their targets in breast cancer

Background: Given the estimate that 30% of our genes are controlled by microRNAs, it is essential that we understand the precise relationship between microRNAs and their targets. OncomiRs are microRNAs (miRNAs) that have been frequently shown to be deregulated in cancer. However, although several oncomiRs have been identified and characterized, there is as yet no comprehensive compilation of this data which has rendered it underutilized by cancer biologists. There is therefore an unmet need in generating bioinformatic platforms to speed the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Description: We describe here OncomiRdbB, a comprehensive database of oncomiRs mined from different existing databases for mouse and humans along with novel oncomiRs that we have validated in human breast cancer samples. The database also lists their respective predicted targets, identified using miRanda, along with their IDs, sequences, chromosome location and detailed description. This database facilitates querying by search strings including microRNA name, sequence, accession number, target genes and organisms. The microRNA networks and their hubs with respective targets at 3'UTR, 5'UTR and exons of different pathway genes were also deciphered using the 'R' algorithm. Conclusion: OncomiRdbB is a comprehensive and integrated database of oncomiRs and their targets in breast cancer with multiple query options which will help enhance both understanding of the biology of breast cancer and the development of new and innovative microRNA based diagnostic tools and targets of therapeutic significance

MtSNPscore: a combined evidence approach for assessing cumulative impact of mitochondrial variations in disease

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations have been implicated in a broad spectrum of diseases. With over 3000 mtDNA variations reported across databases, establishing pathogenicity of variations in mtDNA is a major challenge. We have designed and developed a comprehensive weighted scoring system (MtSNPscore) for identification of mtDNA variations that can impact pathogenicity and would likely be associated with disease. The criteria for pathogenicity include information available in the literature, predictions made by various in silico tools and frequency of variation in normal and patient datasets. The scoring scheme also assigns scores to patients and normal individuals to estimate the cumulative impact of variations. The method has been implemented in an automated pipeline and has been tested on Indian ataxia dataset (92 individuals), sequenced in this study, and other publicly available mtSNP dataset comprising of 576 mitochondrial genomes of Japanese individuals from six different groups, namely, patients with Parkinson's disease, patients with Alzheimer's disease, young obese males, young non-obese males, and type-2 diabetes patients with or without severe vascular involvement. MtSNPscore, for analysis can extract information from variation data or from mitochondrial DNA sequences. It has a web-interface http://bioinformatics.ccmb.res.in/cgi-bin/snpscore/Mtsnpscore.pl webcite that provides flexibility to update/modify the parameters for estimating pathogenicity

Nosé-Hoover dynamics of a nonintegrable hamiltonian system

We study the dynamics of a hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom coupled to a Nosé-Hoover thermostat. In the absence of the thermostat, the system is quasi-integrable: at low energies, most of the motion is on two-dimensional tori, while at higher energies, the motion is mainly chaotic. Upon coupling to the thermostat the system becomes more chaotic, as evidenced by the magnitude of the largest Lyapunov exponent. In contrast to the case of isotropic oscillator systems coupled to thermostats, there is no evidence for a regime of integrable behaviour, even for large values of Q