AN EFFICIENT CASHLESS TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING RFID TAG

In order to cut down the manual work at toll plazas, a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based concept is portage for the entire process within a second. The system uses passive tag which will have the particular number mapping the owner information; this useful detail is stored in congruence to that particular number. ATCS known as "Automatic Toll Collection System" is a technology used to reduce the amount of time spent in toll queue, provide passenger leisure of plaza payment, illegal entry and to detect stolen vehicle. A reader antenna is normally assembled above the lane. It picks up the transponder's signal. The distinct number is then deliver to the globalize server through local area network, forth with plazas-location and lane information.The system then matches that distinct number and specific reduction takes place through the e-wallet reference to correlated RFID tag that reside to the owners account. In case a robbed automobile passes through the plaza collection center, it is encounter and the proclamation is sent to the Police station of that area

Operational Forest-Fire Spread Forecasting Using the WRF-SFIRE Model

In the present research, the open-source WRF-SFIRE model has been used to carry out surface forest fire spread forecasting in the North Sikkim region of the Indian Himalayas. Global forecast system (GFS)-based hourly forecasted weather model data obtained through the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) at 0.25 degree resolution were used to provide the initial conditions for running WRF-SFIRE. A landuse–landcover map at 1:10,000 scale was used to define fuel parameters for different vegetation types. The fuel parameters, i.e., fuel depth and fuel load, were collected from 23 sample plots (0.1 ha each) laid down in the study area. Samples of different categories of forest fuels were measured for their wet and dry weights to obtain the fuel load. The vegetation specific surface area-to-volume ratio was referenced from the literature. The atmospheric data were downscaled using nested domains in the WRF model to capture fire–atmosphere interactions at a finer resolution (40 m). VIIRS satellite sensor-based fire alert (375 m spatial resolution) was used as ignition initiation point for the fire spread forecasting, whereas the forecasted hourly weather data (time synchronized with the fire alert) were used for dynamic forest-fire spread forecasting. The forecasted burnt area (1.72 km2) was validated against the satellite-based burnt area (1.07 km2) obtained through Sentinel 2 satellite data. The shapes of the original and forecasted burnt areas matched well. Based on the various simulation studies conducted, an operational fire spread forecasting system, i.e., Sikkim Wildfire Forecasting and Monitoring System (SWFMS), has been developed to facilitate firefighting agencies to issue early warnings and carry out strategic firefighting