A relative value method for measuring and evaluating cardiac reserve

BACKGROUND: Although a very close relationship between the amplitude of the first heart sound (S1) and the cardiac contractility have been proven by previous studies, the absolute value of S1 can not be applied for evaluating cardiac contractility. However, we were able to devise some indicators with relative values for evaluating cardiac function. METHODS: Tests were carried out on a varied group of volunteers. Four indicators were devised: (1) the increase of the amplitude of the first heart sound after accomplishing different exercise workloads, with respect to the amplitude of the first heart sound (S1)recorded at rest was defined as cardiac contractility change trend (CCCT). When the subjects completed the entire designed exercise workload (7000 J), the resulting CCCT was defined as CCCT(1); when only 1/4 of the designed exercise workload was completed, the result was defined as CCCT(1/4). (2) The ratio of S1 amplitude to S2 amplitude (S1/S2). (3) The ratio of S1 amplitude at tricuspid valve auscultation area to that at mitral auscultation area T1/M1 (4) the ratio of diastolic to systolic duration (D/S). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. RESULTS: CCCT(1/4) was 6.36 ± 3.01 (n = 67), CCCT(1) was 10.36 ± 4.2 (n = 33), S1/S2 was1.89 ± 0.94 (n = 140), T1/M1 was 1.44 ± 0.99 (n = 144), and D/S was 1.68 ± 0.27 (n = 172). CONCLUSIONS: Using indicators CCCT(1/4) and CCCT(1) may be beneficial for evaluating cardiac contractility and cardiac reserve mobilization level, S1/S2 for considering the factor for hypotension, T1/M1 for evaluating the right heart load, and D/S for evaluating diastolic cardiac blood perfusion time

Studying cardiac contractility change trend to evaluate cardiac reserve

There is a very close relationship between the amplitude of the first heart sound and the cardiac contractility. We previously presented the concept of cardiac contractility variability (CCV) and an analysis method. On the basis of the findings from the authors' observation and other previous studies, a conclusion can be made that the variability of the first heart sound amplitude is a reflection of CCV. We found that an increase of the amplitude of the first heart sound can be seen on the phonocardiogram obtained even after a small workload exercise. We defined the increase of the amplitude of the first heart sound after accomplishing different exercise workloads, with respect to the amplitude of the first heart sound recorded at rest as cardiac contractility change trend (CCCT). CCCT implies information about cardiac contractility and cardiac reserve. To explore the significance of CCCT for evaluating cardiac contractility reserve of a patient or an athlete, we carried out a study on cardiac contractility change trend, the methods and the results of which are presented

Selecting Critical Clinical Features for Heart Diseases Diagnosis with a Real-coded Genetic Algorithm

In clinic, normally a lot of diagnostic features are recorded from a patient for a certain disease. It will be beneficial for the prompt and correct diagnosis of the disease by selecting the important and relevant features and discarding those irrelevant and redundant ones. In this paper, a real-coded genetic algorithm (GA)-based system is proposed to select the critical clinical features essential to the heart diseases diagnosis. The heart disease database used in this study includes 352 cases, and 40 diagnostic features were recorded for each case. Using the proposed genetic algorithm, 24 critical features have been identified, and their corresponding diagnosis weights for each heart disease of interest have been determined. The critical diagnostic features and their clinic meanings are in sound agreement with those used by the physicians in making their clinic decisions

The Internet-based Knowledge Acquisition and Management Method to Construct Large-scale Distributed Medical Expert Systems

The Internet offers an unprecedented opportunity to construct powerful large-scale medical expert systems (MES). In these systems, a cost-effective medical knowledge acquisition (KA) and management scheme is highly desirable to handle the large quantities of, often conflicting, medical information collected from medical experts in different medical fields and from different geographical regions. In this paper, we demonstrate that a medical KA/management system can be built upon a three-tier distributed client/server architecture. The knowledge in the system is stored/managed in three knowledge bases. The maturity of the medical know-how controls the knowledge flow through these knowledge bases. In addition, to facilitate the knowledge representation and application in these knowledge bases as well as information retrieval across the Internet, an 8-digit numeric coding scheme with a weight value system is proposed. At present, a medical KA and management system based on the proposed method is being tested in clinics. Current results have showed that the method is a viable solution to construct, modify, and expand a distributed MES through the Internet

Knowledge acquisition; Knowledge

The internet-based knowledge acquisition and management method to construct large-scal

All-Photon Bipolar Reversible Modulation Artificial Synapse for Color Perception and Mitigation of Glare Phenomenon

The convergence of computation and storage through artificial synapses is a vibrant area of research, with notable attention directed toward photonic artificial synapses, particularly in emulating human visual perception and memory. However, many of these solutions necessitate both optical and electrical signals for bidirectional modulation. In this work, we report an optically responsive memristor (with a configuration of Ag:AgI/MA0.4FA0.6PbI3/Ag:AgI) that achieves bidirectional switching of resistive states utilizing 450 and 650 nm light at an ultralow readout voltage of 0.001 V. The maximum high-to-low resistive switching ratio can attain an impressive value of 74,459 at the readout voltage of 0.01 V, enabling comprehensive photonic bipolar modulation. The device presents artificial visual synapse (AVS) features in terms of short-term plasticity (STP)/long-term plasticity (LTP) to pulsed light in the range 300–700 nm. Under 450 nm blue light, an abrupt shift from low to high resistance can be observed, resembling the effect of glare. Intriguingly, the introduction of 650 nm red light can expedite recovery following blue light exposure. These attributes underscore the potential of the device for tasks encompassing color recognition, memory functions, and adaptation, suggesting promising prospects within artificial visual neural networks for ultraviolet and visible light sensing, transmission, and memory applications

Additional file 4: Table S1. of Development of intron targeting (IT) markers specific for chromosome arm 4VS of Haynaldia villosa by chromosome sorting and next-generation sequencing

The IT markers corresponding to the sequence information in subgenome AA, BB, DD and VV (DOCX 38 kb

Additional file 6: Table S3. of Development of intron targeting (IT) markers specific for chromosome arm 4VS of Haynaldia villosa by chromosome sorting and next-generation sequencing

PCR products of 100 IT markers. (DOCX 101 kb