The partition of the genotype space in the simulation study.

<p>We conducted a principal component analysis on all subjects from the EAGLE study with genotypes at the 15 chosen tagging SNPs as coordinates. We plot subjects by their first and second principal components. Subjects with the same multilocus genotype were represented by a single point in the plot. The points in green, blue, and red colors are those subjects (genotypes) belonging to region I (consisting of genotypes having no more than 1 risk allele among the three considered functional SNPs), region II (consisting of genotypes having 2 risk alleles), and region III (consisting of genotypes have more than 2 risk alleles).</p

Boxplots of the posterior medians of the log odds ratio () for subjects within each true cluster from each of 50 datasets simulated under the model .

<p>(a). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 1, with the true value given by the horizontal line in green; (b). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 2, with the true value given by the horizontal line in blue; (c). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 3, with the true value given by the horizontal line in red.</p

Performance of the algorithm for the cluster assignment.

<p>The accuracy summary for the cluster assignment is based on 50 simulated datasets under each model. The cluster assignment is estimated under the correct number of clusters.</p

Boxplots of the posterior medians of the log odds ratio () for subjects within each true cluster from each of 50 datasets simulated under the model .

<p>(a). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 1, with the true value given by the horizontal line in green; (b). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 2, with the true value given by the horizontal line in blue.</p

Boxplots of the posterior medians of the intercept () for subjects within each true cluster from each of 50 datasets simulated under the model .

<p>(a). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 1, with the true value given by the horizontal line in green; (b). Boxplots of posterior medians of for subjects in cluster 2, with the true value given by the horizontal line in blue. The posterior median of for each subject under a given simulated dataset was shifted by a constant value selected so that the median value of the shifted estimates for subjects in cluster 1 was zero.</p

Estimated cumulative risk of mortality in the absence of any cancer.

<p>The figure shows the estimated cumulative risk of mortality in the absence of any cancer among females (panel A) and males (panel B).</p

Representation of the proportion screened both before and during the study for ever smokers and never smokers separately.

<p>The age specific proportion screened (number of participants who ever received a chest x-ray test out of total number of participants at each age) is plotted for a) study sampling from all PLCO calendar enrollment years (93–01) in the usual-care arm of the PLCO during the study years T3 to T5 and b) study sampled only those affected by the procedural modifciation (95–01) in the intervention arm of the PLCO during the study years T3 to T5. Screening information from the 3 years prior to the beginning of the PLCO study and study times T0-T2 is used to calculate the proportion screened functions for before the study and screening information collected for T3 along with information from the 3 years prior to the beginning of the PLCO is used to calculate the proportion screened during the study enrollment period for each study design.</p

Performance of the +1 rule for identifying the number of clusters in the simulation study.

<p>There are 50 simulated datasets under each model. The counts are the frequencies for the number of clusters identified by the +1 rule defined in the main text. The highlighted counts are the number of times the algorithm identified the correct number of clusters.</p

Cluster assignment for the EAGLE study.

<p>The cluster assignment estimated under the model with the number of clusters <i>K</i> = 2. Every subject was represented by his or her first 2 principal components. Subjects with the same multilocus genotype were represented by one point in the plot.</p

Representation of the screening rate both before and during the study for ever smokers and never smokers separately.

<p>The screening rate per year (# of screens received divided by number of years in period) among those screened is displayed for a) study sampling from all PLCO calendar enrollment years (93–01) in the usual-care arm of the PLCO during the study years T3 to T5 and b) study sampled only those affected by the procedural modification (95–01) in the intervention arm of the PLCO during the study years T3 to T5. Screening information from the 3 years prior to the beginning of the PLCO study and study times T0-T2 is used to calculate the screening rate functions for before the study and screening information collected for T3 along with information from the 3 years prior to the beginning of the PLCO is used to calculate the screening rate during the study enrollment period for each study design.</p