The Effect of a Trans-theoretical model- based Education on Regular Consumption of Breakfast in Jiroft Students

Background: Breakfast has been known as the most important daily meal. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of using trans-theoretical model education on regular breakfast consumption in students of Jiroft, Iran. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 290 students randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. The data collection instrument was a standard questionnaire. Educational intervention was conducted based on the Trans-theoretical model. Data were collected before the educational intervention and 3 months after that. Data analysis was done through SPSS 19.0 software and using Wilcoxon and Chi square tests. Results: Before the educational program, 17% of students in the intervention group were at the action and maintenance stage; in which after the education, this rate increased to 87.7%. Results indicated significant increase in breakfast consumption and mean scores of process change (from 71.47 to 86.16), self- efficacy (from 27.84 to 33.57) and decision balance (from 34.97 to 43.74) (P<0.001). Mean scores of the change process and self- efficacy showed a slight meaningful increase in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Educational intervention based on the trans-theoretical model created adequate changes in nutritional behavior of the students over a 3 months period. Given the low cost and effectiveness of this educational model, generalization of such educational programs seems to be necessary

Investigating Self-Reported Violations of the Drivers of Bandar Abbas City and Its Relation with Their Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Traffic Regulations

Objectives: Road traffic accidents are much higher than the global average in Iran. Since the main cause of road traffic accidents is attributed to driver's risky behaviors, the aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and violation of drivers toward traffic regulations in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Methods: The study was carried out among 562 drivers in Bandar Abbas using cluster sampling method. The data were collected through a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire that had four sections including items assessing the demographic, knowledge, attitude, and violation of drivers toward traffic regulations. Results: The mean score for drivers' knowledge, attitude, and violations were estimated to be 8.71 ± 2.5, 42.4 ± 7.6, and 56.7 ± 11.8, respectively. Drivers' knowledge and attitude levels were low; only 11.4 of men and 9 of women had good knowledge. The use of mobile phone (74.6) and drunk driving (9.4) were reported as the most frequent and the least frequent driving behaviors, respectively. There was a significant relationship between knowledge with attitude, knowledge with violations, and attitude with violations (P P Conclusions: It is recommended to reduce driving violations by implementing targeted and comprehensive plans to raising the level of knowledge and attitude of drivers toward driving regulations

Utilization of cervical cancer screening services and its associated factors in Iran: a case–control study

Background Considering the high incidence rate of cervical cancer (CC) in Iran, screening is an efective way of reducing the impact of the disease due to early detection. Thus, the recognition of the factors afecting the use of cervical cancer screening (CCS) services is essential.The present study aimed to determine the associated factors of CCS in women living in the suburbs of Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. Methods The present case–control study was conducted between January and March 2022 in the suburban areas of Bandar abbas. Two hundred participants were assigned to the case group and 400 participants were assigned to the control group. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data. This questionnaire contained demographic information, reproductive information, knowledge of CC, knowledge of CCS and access to the screening. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were run to analyze the data. The data were analyzed in STATA 14.2 at a signifcance level of p<0.05. Results The mean and standard deviation of participants’ age in the case group was 30.33±4.892, and in the control group was 31.35±6.149. The mean and standard deviation of knowledge in the case group was 10.21±1.815 and in the control group was 7.24±2.447. The mean and standard deviation of access was 43.72±6.339 in the case and 37.17±4.828 in the control group. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed the following factors increased the odds of CCS: knowledge (OR medium=18.697, OR high=13.413), access (OR medium=4.028, OR high=8.126), being married (OR=3.193), being educated (OR diploma=2.587, OR university degree=1.432), middle and high SES (OR Middle=6.078, OR Upper=6.608), and not smoking (OR=1.144). Also, women’s reproductive status, including history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR=2.612), use of oral contraceptives (OR=1.579), sexual hygiene (OR=8.718). Conclusions In the light of the present fndings, it can be concluded that besides increasing suburban women’s knowledge, their access to screening facilities should be improved. The present fndings showed the need to remove the barriers to CCS in women of low SES to increase the rate of CCS. The present fndings contribute to a better understanding of factors involved in CCS

Self-care behavior of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Bandar Abbas in 2015

Background: Diabetes self-care helps to control the blood sugar which, in turn, results in a better state of health. However, more than 50% of diabetic patients do not have self-care capabilities. Objective: To determine type 2 diabetes self-care capabilities among patients visiting a Bandar Abbas diabetes clinic in 2016. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research was of a cross-sectional type. The sample was comprised of 120 patients afflicted with type 2 diabetes, who had been selected through the simple randomized sampling method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of two sections: demographic information, and a summary of patients’ diabetes self-care activities. A 7-point Likert scale was used for the rating. The final score would be interpreted as any of the three levels: good (acceptable) (75-100), moderate (50-74) and poor (below 50). The data entered SPSS version 18.0 for the required statistical analyses. Results: The mean age of the sample was 51.88±10.12 years. Of the 120 subjects, 86 were female (71.7%) and 34 were male (28.3%). The findings revealed that the self-care capability of 83 subjects (69.2%) was poor; capability of 28 subjects was moderate (23.3%) and the same score of good/acceptable in 9 subjects (7.5%). Conclusion: The results of the present research indicate that a large number of diabetic patients have a poor self- care capability. Due to the key role of such activities in a diabetic patient’s life, it is suggested to include educational programs to increase the level of self-care capabilities among these patients

The effect of a theory-based educational program on southern Iranian prisoners’ HIV preventive behaviors: a quasi-experimental research

Abstract Background The present research explored the effect of an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on prisoners’ HIV preventive behaviors in the south of Iran. Methods The present quasi-experimental research was conducted in 2019–20 on 280 prisoners, 140 in the control group (CG) and 140 in the intervention group (IG). The sampling was simple randomized. The data were collected using a questionnaire in two parts, one exploring the demographic information and the other the HBM constructs. The final follow-up was completed 3 months after the educational intervention (8 sessions long) in November 2020. Results After the intervention, statistically significant between-group differences were found in the healthy behavior score and all HBM constructs except for the perceived barriers (p < 0.001). Perceived severity and susceptibility were found to be the strongest predictors of HIV preventive behaviors. Conclusion The educational intervention showed to positively affect the adoption of preventive behaviors mediated by the HBM constructs. To remove barriers to HIV preventive behaviors or any other healthy behavior, researchers are suggested to develop multi-level interventions (beyond the personal level) to gain better findings

Perceived stress among older adults during COVID‐19 outbreak: A cross‐sectional study in Southern Iran

Abstract Background and Aims The stress associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic significantly affects people's lives, especially older adults. The present study aimed to identify risk factors leading to the perceived stress associated with COVID‐19 among the adults over 60 years old of Southern Iran. Methods This cross‐sectional study was conducted in December 2021 in Bandar Abbas among older adults. The COVID‐PSS‐10 (Perceived Stress Scale) questionnaire was distributed among the older adults receiving healthcare services from health centers in Bandar Abbas selected through a convenient sampling method. Then, answers to the questions resulted in the score (without units). Results A total number of 456 participants between 60 and 90 years with an average age of 64 ± 5.12 years took part in this study. The mean ± SD score of total perceived stress was 16.45 ± 8.36 (the mean score of stress was 10.30 ± 6.16 and coping was 6.15 ± 3.83). Of the total, 129 participants (28.28%) were grouped as the high‐stress group. Results showed that the 70–79 years age group had higher odds of belonging to the stressed group than the 60–69 years age group (odds ratio = 2.336). Moreover, participants with a diploma were 57% more stressed than illiterate participants. The latter perceived less stress and had lower odds of belonging to the high‐stress group. The employed were 61% less likely to be categorized in the stressed group than the unemployed. Among women, 43% were less likely than men to be in the high‐stress group. Conclusion As the present findings showed, the risk factors of perceived stress induced by COVID‐19 are old age, low education, unemployment, and masculinity. Therefore, planning to improve stress‐coping skills such as entertainment, strengthening social relationships, physical activity, and the peace of mind of this population are suggested under the supervision of geriatric specialists and psychiatrists

Predictive power of PEN-3 cultural model in cervical cancer screening among women: a cross- sectional study in South of Iran

Abstract Background Cervical cancer (CC) can be prevented through early detection facilitated by screening as well as an early diagnosis and effective treatment of the precancerous lesions. The present research aimed to determine the predictors of cervical cancer screening (CCS) based on the PEN-3 model constructs. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2021- March 2022 with 840 women aged 15–49 in the city of Bandar Abbas, in the south of Iran, using a cluster sampling. The participants completed a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire in person. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, knowledge toward CC and the constructs of the PEN-3 model toward CCS. A multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship and predictive power of model constructs with behavior as an outcome variable. The data were statistically analyzed in STATA14.2. The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 810 questionnaires were analyzed (with a return of 95.63%). The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age was 30.97 ± 5.80 years. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis of all constructs and CCS behavior was statistically significant (P-value < 0.05). The multivariable logistic regression analytic results were enablers toward CCS (coefficient: 0.275) and Nurturers toward CCS (coefficient: 0.182), perceptions toward CCS (coefficient: 0.077) and knowledge toward CC (coefficient: 0.048, marginal significant) were predictors of CCS behavior. For the internal validity of the designed prediction model, a sample of 1000 was selected using the bootstrap sample replacement method which demonstrated the accuracy of the model PEN-3 is about 75% in predicting CCS behavior. Conclusions The results of the present research showed that personal factors such as perceptions and interpersonal factors such as enablers and nurturers toward CCS can predict CCS behavior. Therefore, in order to increase the acceptance of CCS in women, a set of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors should be taken into account

Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have made it the most important health and social challenge around the world. However, this disease can be largely prevented by adherence to hygienic principles and protective behaviors. It seems that identifying the processes involved in protective health behaviors can be effective in planning and implementing suitable interventions to encourage the community toward protective behaviors. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 according to the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 2 months in Hormozgan Province, Iran. The study population consisted of all citizens above the age of 15 years. An online questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire link was available to the participants through social networks. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, including the demographic information and the PMT constructs. All statistical calculations and hypothesis testing were performed in SPSS Version 21 and AMOS Version 21. The significance level was considered to be 0.05 for hypothesis testing. RESULTS: A total of 2032 subjects, with the mean age of 34.84 ± 9.8 years (r = 15–98), participated in this study. Most of the participants were 31–40 years old, female (60.4%), married (72%), urban residents (87.3%), and employed (58.8%). The majority of them also had a bachelor’s degree or higher (58.8%). Significant positive correlations were observed between the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and the perceived vulnerability (r = 0.192, P &lt; 0.001), perceived severity (r = 0.092, P &lt; 0.001), response efficacy (r = 0.398, P &lt; 0.001), self-efficacy (r = 0.497, P &lt; 0.001), and protection motivation (r = 0.595, P &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, significant negative correlations were found between the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and maladaptive behavior rewards (r = − 0.243, P &lt; 0.001) and perceived costs (r = − 0.121, P &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present findings showed that maladaptive behavior reward and fear negatively predicted the protective behaviors. On the other hand, response efficacy and self-efficacy positively predicted the protective behaviors; the impact of self-efficacy was the strongest. Overall, the information provided in this study can contribute to health policymaking in Iran

The role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in waterpipe cessation: a case-control study

Abstract Background The prevalence of waterpipe smoking among women in southern Iran is significantly higher than women in other regions of Iran. We aimed to explore the effect of several demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and social norms on a successful cessation of waterpipe smoking in the marginalized women of Bandar Abbas city, in the south of Iran. Methods This case-control study was conducted in 2022 among 731 women (246 subjects who successfully quit waterpipe smoking in the case group and 485 who smoked waterpipe in the control group). A cluster sampling method was used to collect the required data through face-to-face interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, behavioral information about waterpipe smoking and knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and social norms. The data were analyzed in STATA 14 using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results The mean and standard deviation of age was 39.24 ± 11.93 and 37.18 ± 13.57 in the control and case groups, respectively. With an increase of one score in social norm (OR: 1.046), the odds of cessation were increased for 4%. With an increase of one score in self-efficacy (OR: 1.152), the odds of cessation were increased for 15%. With an increase of one score in knowledge (OR: 1.064), the odds of cessation were increased for 6%. With an increase of one score in attitude (OR: 1.215) the odds of cessation were increased for 21%. Conclusion The present findings revealed personal and interpersonal influential factors in successful waterpipe cessation. Women’s knowledge can be increased and their attitude can be changed. Important people in women’s lives can be influenced to, consequently, affect women positively and improve their self-esteem

The effectiveness of a theory -based health education program on waterpipe smoking cessation in Iran: one year follow-up of a quasi-experimental research

Abstract Background The present research aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) on waterpipe (WT) smoking cessation in women. Methods The present quasi-experimental had a pre-test, post-test design with 3, 6 and 12 months follow-ups was conducted in Bandar Abbas city, south of Iran in December 2021-March 2023. A total of 448 women over the age of 15 (224 in the intervention group (IG), 224 in the control group (CG)), using a two-stage cluster sampling method participated. The educational intervention focused on WT smoking cessation implemented in 14 sessions. The educational methods in the training sessions were lectures, collaborative discussions, Q&As, brainstorming, role plays, and peer education. The main outcome was WT cessation behavior. Repeated measures ANOVA tests and post hoc were run to compare the IG and CG at baseline in terms of demographic variables, t-test and chi square test, and in the four points of time of data collection. The data were analyzed in Stata14. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The mean and standard deviation of WT cessation behavior and all ETPB constructs in the IG was significantly higher than the CG. After the educational intervention, in the IG, the perceived behavioral control, attitude, subjective norm, intention and knowledge increased, and the weekly smoking and WT smoking habit decreased (P < 0.001). The CG did not have any significant change in other variables except for the increased knowledge score. During the 12-month follow-up, the cessation rate was 43.81% (P = 0.645) in the IG and 7.45% in the CG (P = 0.081). Conclusions The educational intervention positively affected WT smoking reduction and cessation in women through influencing the ETPB constructs. It is strongly recommended to design theory-based interventions beyond the individual level with an emphasis on interpersonal relationships to facilitate WT cessation as far as possible