Antibiotic resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nosocomial infections in Aleshtar hospital, Lorestan province

Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of Klebsiella species. K. pneumoniae is one of the most important bacteria causing nosocomial infections. This bacterium threatens public health and leads to increased hospital costs and mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae in nosocomial infections.Methods: This study was performed on 51 samples of Klebsiella isolates from 500 patients in three units of Aleshtar hospital in 9 months. The antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae to 18 antibiotics was performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method.Results: The frequency of K. pneumonia among 500 samples was determined 51 cases (10.2%). The largest number of K. pneumoniae was isolated from the infectious unit (49.02%). The frequency of K. pneumoniae based on the source of infection for urine was 22 cases (43.14%), sputum 17 (33.33%), stool 6 (11.77%), wound 4 (7.84%), blood 2 (3.92%), and cerebrospinal fluid 0 (0%), respectively. K. pneumoniae resistance to antibiotics included: ceftriaxone (94.12%), ciprofloxacin (90.20%), ofloxacin (86.27%), cefotaxime (78.43%), nalidixic acid (58.82%), nitrofurantoin (56.86%), aztreonam (54.90%), ampicillin/sulbactam (50.98% ), ticarcillin (45.09%), cefepime (43.14%), colistin (43.14%), gentamicin (41.18%), azithromycin (41.18%), polymyxin B (39.22%), piperacillin/tazobactam (19.61%), amikacin ( 15.69%), imipenem (5.88%), and meropenem (3.92%).Conclusion: Meropenem and imipenem with the lowest resistance were the most effective antibiotics against K .pneumoniae. Ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin antibiotic had the lowest effect on the treatment of K. pneumoniae

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Thermosonication of Broccoli Florets Prior to Fermentation Increases Bioactive Components in Fermented Broccoli Puree

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of thermosonication (18 kHz at 60 °C for 7 min) pre-treatment with thermal treatment alone (60 °C for 7 min) of broccoli florets prior to pureeing and fermentation on selected bioactive components of fermented broccoli puree. Both thermal and thermosoncation pre-treatments significantly increased the rate of acidification of broccoli puree compared to control untreated broccoli puree, with the time to reach pH 4 being 8.25, 9.9, and 24 h, respectively, for thermally treated, thermosonicated, and control samples. The highest sulforaphane yield of 7268 µmol/kg dry weight (DW) was observed in the thermosonicated samples, followed by 6227 µmol/kg DW and 3180 µmol/kg DW in the thermally treated and untreated samples, respectively. The measurable residual glucoraphanin content was 1642 µmol/kg DW, 1187 µmol/kg DW, and 1047 µmol/kg DW, respectively, in the thermonsonicated, thermally pre-treated, and control fermented samples, indicating that pre-treatment specially by thermosonication increases the extractability of glucoraphanin. The higher sulforaphane yield in the thermosonicated and thermally pre-treated samples could be due to increased extractability and accessibility of glucoraphanin and interaction with myrosinase in addition to the inactivation of epthiospecifier protein (ESP), which directs conversion away from sulforaphane into sulforaphane nitrile

Combined effects of lactoperoxidase system-whey protein coating and modified atmosphere packaging on the microbiological, chemical and sensory attributes of Pike-Perch fillets

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lactoperoxidase system-whey protein coating and modified atmosphere packaging (60% CO2, 30% N2, 10% O2) combination (LPOS + WPS + MAP) on the microbiological, chemical and sensory specifications of Pike-Perch (Sander Lucioperca, Linnaeus 1758) fillets. The highest bacterial count was observed in the fish fillets packaged with whey protein coating solutions (WPS) in compare with the other groups. Combination of WPS + LPOS and MAP packaging could significantly inhibit bacterial growth. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), as a quality index of flesh, had strong correlation (r = 0.98-0.99) with microbial load, so that the highest and the lowest TVB-N values were observed in WPS and WPS + LPOS + MAP batches, respectively. Assessments of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index showed that incorporation of LPOS with WPS or MAP did not have remarkable effect on lipid oxidation, but combined effect of MAP and WPS + LPOS on reducing fat oxidation was significant. The pH values in WPS + LPOS, WPS + MAP and WPS + LPOS + MAP were significantly lower than WPS. Sensory evaluations indicated that LPOS + WPS + MAP kept Pike-Perch fillets at high sensory acceptability for at least 16 days in refrigerated temperature. In conclusion, combination of MAP and WPS + LPOS showed synergistic effects on shelf-life extension of Pike-Perch fillets under refrigerated storage

Thermosonication for the Production of Sulforaphane Rich Broccoli Ingredients

A large proportion of broccoli biomass is lost during primary production, distribution, processing, and consumption. This biomass is rich in polyphenols and glucosinolates and can be used for the production of bioactive rich ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications. This study evaluated thermosonication (TS) (18 kHz, 0.6 W/g, 40–60 °C, 3–7 min) for the pre-treatment of broccoli florets to enhance enzymatic conversion of glucoraphanin into the bioactive sulforaphane. TS significantly increased sulforaphane yield, despite a decrease in myrosinase activity with increasing treatment intensity. The highest sulforaphane yield of ~2.9 times that of untreated broccoli was observed for broccoli thermosonicated for 7 min at 60 °C, which was 15.8% higher than the corresponding yield for thermal processing without sonication (TP) at the same condition. This was accompanied by increase in the residual level of glucoraphanin (~1.8 and 2.3 time respectively after TP and TS at 60 °C for 7 min compared to control samples) indicating that treatment-induced release of bound glucoraphanin from the cell wall matrix and improved accessibility could be at least partially responsible for the enhanced sulforaphane yield. The result indicates the potential of TS for the conversion of broccoli biomass into high sulforaphane broccoli-based ingredients

Thermosonication of Broccoli Florets Prior to Fermentation Increases Bioactive Components in Fermented Broccoli Puree

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of thermosonication (18 kHz at 60 °C for 7 min) pre-treatment with thermal treatment alone (60 °C for 7 min) of broccoli florets prior to pureeing and fermentation on selected bioactive components of fermented broccoli puree. Both thermal and thermosoncation pre-treatments significantly increased the rate of acidification of broccoli puree compared to control untreated broccoli puree, with the time to reach pH 4 being 8.25, 9.9, and 24 h, respectively, for thermally treated, thermosonicated, and control samples. The highest sulforaphane yield of 7268 µmol/kg dry weight (DW) was observed in the thermosonicated samples, followed by 6227 µmol/kg DW and 3180 µmol/kg DW in the thermally treated and untreated samples, respectively. The measurable residual glucoraphanin content was 1642 µmol/kg DW, 1187 µmol/kg DW, and 1047 µmol/kg DW, respectively, in the thermonsonicated, thermally pre-treated, and control fermented samples, indicating that pre-treatment specially by thermosonication increases the extractability of glucoraphanin. The higher sulforaphane yield in the thermosonicated and thermally pre-treated samples could be due to increased extractability and accessibility of glucoraphanin and interaction with myrosinase in addition to the inactivation of epthiospecifier protein (ESP), which directs conversion away from sulforaphane into sulforaphane nitrile

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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