3D Zoning: A Missing Piece to Link Planning Regulations with 3D Cadastre

Interpreting planning regulations could be a challenging task for land surveyors when defining new ownership boundaries and for responsible authorities (e.g., city council) when assessing proposed developments. They need to be aware of the impacts of planning regulations on land parcels and vice versa since these regulations contain legally binding rules for all parties including government and citizens. There is a strong link between planning and cadastral regulations. For example, 3D zoning, with the capability of representing planning regulations in 3D, has a great potential to enable representing restricted and usable spaces for 3D cadastral purposes in a more visual way. This paper aims to offer a discussion about the advantages of enriching 3D zoning with the spatial representation of planning regulations in order to be integrated into a larger land-use information system called multipurpose cadastre to find better compliance between land use, urban planning, and citizen welfare. To this purpose, three groups of planning regulations (i.e., proposed design needed, 3D city model needed, and 3D zoning groups) are proposed in which 3D zoning group seems to be the most valuable one to achieve the overall objective. To support our discussion regarding mapping planning regulations for cadastral purposes, the paper results in a showcase for five planning regulations in the 3D zoning group including height limits, noise impacts, side and rear setbacks, street setbacks (side and front), and flooding limits. Victoria, Australia, was selected as a case study to illustrate some aspects of the discussion

Development of XML Schemas for Implementation of a 3D Cadastral Data Model

A 3D cadastral data model (3DCDM) was developed to support integration of legal and physical information that are required for 3D cadastral applications. The 3DCDM model has twelve sub-models or modules including 3DCDM Geometry Model, 3DCDM Root Model, 3DCDM LegalPropertyObject Model, 3DCDM InterestHolder Model, 3DCDM Survey Model, 3DCDM CadastralPoints Model, 3DCDM Building Model, 3DCDM Land Model, 3DCDM Tunnel Model, 3DCDM UtilityNetwork Model, 3DCDM PhysicalPropertyObject Model, and 3DCDM Terrain Model. Sub-models are selected based on the user requirements and the application. For example, if the purpose of using the 3DCDM model is to model a building and visualise its ownership boundaries, only 3DCDM Building Model and 3DCDM Root Model are used. The 3DCDM Root Model must be used in each implementation of the 3DCDM model. This paper aims to develop a physical data model of the 3DCDM model. It is developed as an application schema of the Geography Markup Language 3, version GML3.2.1. GML is an XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features. Each module has a separate schema that support implementation of the 3DCDM model

Moving Towards a Fully Operational 3D Digital Cadastre: Victoria, Australia

Population is growing and due to urbanisation, cities are expanding horizontally and vertically to accommodate more population. Managing these crowded cities with many high-rises and infrastructures below and above the ground surface requires efficient systems. However, the current land and property registration systems mainly use two dimensional (2D) approaches to manage below and above the ground spaces. The current methods of registering land and property (in form of paper and PDF plans) are not sustainable, and efficient registration methods are required to cater for current and future needs. To this end, the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has developed a strategy1 for modernising the Australian Cadastre to support a 3D, accurate and digital cadastre by 2034. This strategy has a vision to develop a cadastral system that enables the interested community to readily and confidently identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) related to land and real property. Following the ICSM strategy, land authorities in Australia are now reforming their cadastral systems to support accurate and 3D digital cadastral data. The cadastral reform requires a detailed roadmap to define both short and long-term visions and relevant milestones, projects and timeframes..

Development of a 3D ePlan/LandXML Visualisation System in Australia

The importance of managing properties and people’s interests in complex multi-level developments is increasing, due to population growth and shortage of land in urban areas. As a result, cadastral systems are under pressure to change the way they capture, register and visualise 3D data of these multi-level scenarios. However, interests in land and properties in Australia are registered and visualised through subdivision plans. This visualisation method is often paper-based and includes 2D floor plans, cross-sections and isometric diagrams. These drawings are used to represent 3D properties and associated rights. Although this has been a common practice for experts such as land registration officers and cadastral surveyors, non-expert users such as the public, lawyers and real-estate agents often find these methods difficult to understand and interpret particularly in complex high rise buildings. In order to visualise and represent properties and associated rights in 3D, a web-based prototype system was designed and developed utilising various technologies to enable a wide variety of users to explore 3D ownership rights. The prototype system’s architecture is based on a three-layer framework including, data access, process and presentation layers to represent cadastral data such as Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs). For developing the prototype system, the subdivision plan components and the electronic surveying and subdivision plans (ePlan) were studied and analysed. In this web-based prototype system, 3D LandXML files are converted to KML data format using Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) and are visualised in the Google Earth API. Furthermore, attribute information such as bearing and distance, attached to subdivision plans, is also represented in this system. Although this prototype system is not able to visualise underground RRRs, it has potential to represent interests in land and properties through the Internet. This paper concludes that ePlan data model is able to contain 3D volume objects to store 3D interests in land and properties

3D Cadastres Best Practices, Chapter 5: Visualization and New Opportunities

This paper proposes a discussion on opportunities offered by 3D visualization to improve the understanding and the analysis of cadastre data. It first introduce the rationale of having 3D visualization functionalities in the context of cadastre applications. Second the publication outline some basic concepts in 3D visualization. This section specially addresses the visualization pipeline as a driven classification schema to understand the steps leading to 3D visualization. In this section is also presented a brief review of current 3D standards and technologies. Next is proposed a summary of progress made in the last years in 3D cadastral visualization. For instance, user’s requirement, data and semiotics, and platforms are highlighted as main actions performed in the development of 3D cadastre visualization. This review could be perceived as an attempt to structure and emphasise the best practices in the domain of 3D cadastre visualization and as an inventory of issues that still need to be tackled. Finally, by providing a review on advances and trends in 3D visualization, the paper initiates a discussion and a critical analysis on the benefit of applying these new developments to cadastre domain. This final section discusses about enhancing 3D techniques as dynamic transparency and cutaway, 3D generalization, 3D visibility model, 3D annotation, 3D data and web platform, augmented reality, immersive virtual environment, 3D gaming, interaction techniques and time.OLD Department of GIS Technolog

Design and Implementation of a 3D National Digital Cadastral Database based on Land Administration Domain Model: Lessons Learned from a 3D Cadaster Project in Malaysia

With the growing dominance of urban infrastructures in Malaysia, 2D-based cadastral systems in this country are facing new challenges in recording, managing and visualizing the spatial extent of urban land parcels. In Malaysia, surveying and cadastral measurements are currently stored in the National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB), which is a 2D-based database in the form of planimetric coordinates (X, Y). However, cadastral parcels exist in three dimensional (3D), and 2D coordinates are not adequate to communicate these 3D objects. Therefore, the existing methods of data collection, calculation and adjustment of survey and processing data needs to be upgraded for the purposes of implementing 3D cadastral database and producing digitally certified 3D plans. The upgrade from 2D to 3D environments should be in line with a standardized approach. In this context, the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard provides a formal conceptual model for recording and managing cadastral data. It provides an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective land administration systems, based on a Model Driven Architecture (MDA), and enables involved parties, both within one jurisdiction and across different countries, to communicate based on a shared vocabulary or ontology implied by the model. A good ontology underpins an interoperable sharing and exchange of cadastral data. The aim of this paper is to propose a new LADM-driven approach to develop and implement a 3D cadastral prototype system for Malaysia. The proposed approach comprises new changes in the current cadastral surveying practices and workflows, a new architecture to support 3D land parcels, and a new database for creating an LADM-based 3D cadastral system which is aligned with jurisdictional settings of Malaysia. In a simple term, moving from 2D-NDCDB to 3D-NDCDB consists of capturing, processing and management of height of survey points that define parcel boundaries. However, this will bring many changes to existing surveying practices in order to capture height components in land parcels, data modelling to be compliant with the LADM standard, application stack to utilize open source technologies and workflow to minimize the overall changes to 2D-NDCBD. This study demonstrated and confirmed that Malaysian cadastral infrastructure is ready for an upgrade to support 3D digital data. The integration of vertical data with existing horizontal data will require a careful consideration due to different degrees of uncertainty that would result from the various methods of data collection. Based on the outcomes of the pilot study, it is recommended that the Government of Malaysia lay the groundwork for a 3D cadastral system by: • Investigating legislative requirements for the introduction of 3D data collection into the current workflows • Investigating the legal significance of the cornerstone as opposed to the land parcel in the context of the current cadastral system • Trialing the current prototype system in selected land development and infrastructure projects • Conducting a pilot project to investigate the integration of strata development subdivisions into the current prototype system • Developing a roadmap for a fully operational 3D cadastre system in Malaysia considering developments in Spatially Enabled Government (SEG) including artificial intelligence for visual communications and analysis as well as integrating building information modelling (BIM) into land administration systems

An LADM-based Approach for Developing and Implementing a National 3D Cadastre – A Case Study of Malaysia

With the growing dominance of multi-storey buildings and other infrastructures, 2D-based cadastral systems are facing new challenges in recording, managing and visualising the spatial extent of vertically stratified cadastral spaces. In Malaysia, surveying and cadastral measurements are currently stored in the National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB), which is a 2D-based database in the form of planimetric coordinates (X, Y). However, in reality, cadastral objects are three dimensional and 2D-based approaches provide a fragmented view of these 3D spatial objects. Another challenge is that multiple pages of 2D drawings, which are used to show all the spaces of multi-storey buildings and surroundings, imposes a significant amount of cognitive effort for inexpert stakeholders who cannot easily understand the accurate location of cadastral boundaries obscured within physical structures. Therefore, the methods of data collection, calculation and adjustment of existing survey and processing data needs to be upgraded for the purposes of implementing 3D cadastral database and producing 3D digital certified plans. The international land administration domain model (LADM) standard provides a formal conceptual model for recording and managing land administration data. It provides an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective land administration systems, based on a Model Driven Architecture (MDA), and enables involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate, based on the shared vocabulary (that is, an ontology), implied by the model. The latter is required for the sharing and exchange of data. There have been several research and development activities in the past to model 3D cadastre in Malaysia. However, these investigations mainly remain at the theoretical level and yet to be implemented in the real context of Malaysian jurisdiction. Therefore, the motivation for this paper is to discuss the current initiative of Malaysian government to discuss the practical pathway towards realising an LADM-based 3D cadastral system in alignment with jurisdictional settings of Malaysia. It focuses on data migration from existing database to open source data base and the application modules for implementation of 3D cadastral system and 3D cadastral database by using open source platform. In developing the prototype system, the project investigates how the current 2D NDCDB should be upgraded to 3D and how the current workflows and associated data to be modified to support the realization of the 3D cadastral system. In doing so, this paper aims to document the requirements of – Malaysian mapping agency –The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) and its stakeholders for the process of upgrade. The methodology for the documentation includes reviewing JUPEM documents and workflow, review of online resources, visit to JUPEM and interview with experts in JUPEM. The paper proposes strategies for the implementation of 3D-NCDB, which includes the processes for upgrading the existing dataset and data collection methods to support the 3D digital data and the creation of 3D spatial database based on the elicited user requirements. The adopted approach will support the integration of complementary modules, especially for 3D spatial data input, 3D adjustment and validation of 3D spatial data. The implementation of 3D-NDCBD is an initial step to develop 3D Kadaster System that includes the upgrade of the hardware, software and application modules to support 3D data. The major motivation of this upgrade is to introduce an open-source 3D database, which is LADM compliant, to address issues with regards to the existing eKadastre project in Malaysia