The spelling difficulty for fourth, fifth, and sixth grade pupils of derived forms of commonly used words

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

The Independent Turn in Soviet-Era Russian Poetry: How Dmitry Bobyshev, Joseph Brodsky, Anatoly Naiman and Evgeny Rein Became the 'Avvakumites' of Leningrad

The first post-World War II generation of Soviet Russian writers was faced with a crisis of language even more pervasive and serious than the "Crisis of Symbolism" at the beginning of the 20th century: the level of abstraction and formulaic speech used in public venues had become such that words and phrases could only gesture helplessly in the direction of mysterious meaning. Due to the traditional status of poetry in Russian culture and to various other factors explored in this dissertation, the generation of poets coming of age in the mid-1950s was in a unique position to spearhead a renewal of language. Among those who took up the challenge was a group of four friends in Leningrad: Dmitry Bobyshev, Joseph Brodsky, Anatoly Naiman, and Evgeny Rein. Because of the extreme position this group adopted regarding the use of language, I refer to them in this work not as "Akhmatova's Orphans"--a term commonly applied to the quartet--but as literary "Avvakumites," a name Anna Akhmatova suggested that invokes the history of Archpriest Avvakum, who by rejecting reforms in church ritual founded the Orthodox sect now known as Old Believers. In a similar fashion, the "Avvakumites" of Leningrad eventually became exemplary for their generation in their creation of an alternative cultural space that simply ignored the demands of Soviet literature, cleaving instead to the much older tradition of humane letters. For the purpose of establishing the development of the Avvakumites into poets of the humane letters who absolutely rejected the language and dictates of Soviet Realism, I have focused on the contemporary scene: poetry and living poets published in the Soviet press, radio waves from the West, and the lively interactions among various groups within the new generation of Russian poets. The four poets at the center of my study coalesced as a group in Leningrad by the late 1950s, eventually finding their shared link to the humanist tradition in Russian letters in the person of Akhmatova, with whom all four became more or less friendly. Chapter 1 of my dissertation begins with a consideration, based largely on the important and influential anthology Poetry Day (Den' poezii, 1956), of the state of Soviet poetry following World War II and especially after Joseph Stalin's death. In the second part of Chapter One I discuss poets represented in the pages of Thaw era publications in relation to the development of the Avvakumites' poetry. Among the poets under discussion here are: Nikolai Aseev, Viktor Bokov, Sergei Esenin, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Dmitry Kedrin, Leonid Martynov, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Boris Pasternak, Boris Slutsky, Marina Tsvetaeva, Konstantin Vanshenkin, Evgeny Vinokurov. Chapter 2 examines how the Avvakumites came to their uncompromising position in regard to publishing, via studies of the Leningrad Technological Institute's short-lived wall newspaper, Kul'tura (Culture) and of several poems written on the occasion of the launching of Sputnik (1957). In the final section of Chapter Two, I consider the role of poetry circles called Literaturnye ob''edineniia, or LITOs, in providing an alternative space in which to share poetry, their influence in the formation of distinct poetic groups [kompanii], and how the Avvakumites' humanist focus distinguished their group from other kompanii. Among poets discussed in this chapter are Mikhail Krasilnikov, Stanoslav Krasovitsky, Yaroslov Smelyakov, and Vladimir Uflyand. Chapter 3 takes up another influential contemporary source of exciting new rhythms and themes: the Voice of America's radio jazz program, Music USA, hosted by Willis Conover. Beyond showing how the Avvakumites incorporated jazz rhythms and themes into their poetry, I argue that Conover's interviews with jazz artists conveyed to the Avvakumites and their generation an attractive and influential narrative of independence and human dignity. Russian and western artists discussed here include Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Eartha Kitt, Gerry Mulligan, Valery Mysovsky, Charlie Parker, Nonna Sukhanova. In Chapter 4 I discuss how Anna Akhmatova became the culminating shaping force on the young Avvakumites. Akhmatova was a living bridge to the broken-off traditions of Russian poetry, the warmth of whose personal relations with these young poets marked an intense era of collective growth and sharing that ended with her death. The Avvakumites emerged early and strongly as a group of gifted poets who rejected the strictures of Socialist Realism while embracing the humanist tradition in Russian letters. Brodsky has become emblematic to the world at large in that regard, his pivotal role in the history of literature marked by the Nobel Prize in 1987. In this dissertation I have tried to place the emergence of Brodsky in its broader context, analyzing the surprisingly rich contemporary landscape of rhythms, sounds, and ideas, and especially the roles of the members of his friendship group in making the independent "Avvakumite" turn that signified, in a way, the beginning of the end of Soviet rule

CPA’s Guide to Investment Advisory Business Models: Have you crossed the Line When providing Investment Advice?

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/2357/thumbnail.jp

Transcription factor TFCP2L1 patterns cells in the mouse kidney collecting ducts

Although most nephron segments contain one type of epithelial cell, the collecting ducts consists of at least two: intercalated (IC) and principal (PC) cells, which regulate acid-base and salt-water homeostasis, respectively. In adult kidneys, these cells are organized in rosettes suggesting functional interactions. Genetic studies in mouse revealed that transcription factor Tfcp2l1 coordinates IC and PC development. Tfcp2l1 induces the expression of IC specific genes, including specific H+-ATPase subunits and Jag1. Jag1 in turn, initiates Notch signaling in PCs but inhibits Notch signaling in ICs. Tfcp2l1 inactivation deletes ICs, whereas Jag1 inactivation results in the forfeiture of discrete IC and PC identities. Thus, Tfcp2l1 is a critical regulator of IC-PC patterning, acting cell-autonomously in ICs, and non-cell-autonomously in PCs. As a result, Tfcp2l1 regulates the diversification of cell types which is the central characteristic of 'salt and pepper' epithelia and distinguishes the collecting duct from all other nephron segments

Effects Of Exposure To Sound On Discrimination Performance In The Rat.

PhDPsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/182242/2/0001117.pd

Novel Fabrication Approaches for Optoelectronic Halide Semiconductor Thin Films and Devices

Halide semiconductors have recently emerged as a class of materials that unite outstanding optoelectronic properties with the ability to process device-quality thin films at low or even room temperature. Successful adoption of halide semiconductor-based technologies will, however, be contingent on the development of device architectures and film processing approaches that enable efficient, low-cost devices with stable performance and rigorous study of these materials’ photophysical properties. Herein, the goals are twofold: first, to develop low-cost device processing methods that deliver efficient solar cell performance while managing sources of instability; second, to extend existing thin film processing techniques to novel materials, enabling investigation of their optoelectronic properties. After general introduction to halide perovskite materials, films and devices in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapter 3 confronts the first device challenge—i.e., reducing solar cell cost—by investigating cheap electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL) for halide perovskite solar cells. Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells are constructed using earth-abundant ETL CdS and HTL CuCrO2 that are deposited at low temperature (Chapter 4 focuses on the second device challenge—i.e., managing instability—by developing inherently robust architectures via lamination and hot pressing. This technique circumvents the intrinsic thermal instability of perovskite thin films during processing and forms a self-encapsulating device architecture. Annealing MAPbI3 films under pressure in a specially-constructed tool allows significant grain growth at temperatures that would ordinarily decompose them rapidly to PbI2. However, these temperatures can also activate unexpected reactions with carrier transport materials previously thought to be inert, such as nickel oxide. Applying this knowledge, techniques are developed that avoid reactivity-related problems and recover the targeted solar cell performance.Chapters 5 and 6 of this dissertation focus on developing deposition methods for new halide semiconductor films, with emphasis in this case on exploration of fundamental physical properties rather than device fabrication. In Chapter 5, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) is first used to deposit films of the archetypal halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3, which possesses properties comparable to those prepared by more conventional methods such as spin coating, as determined by XRD, electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells fabricated using RIR-MAPLE reach power conversion efficiency of over 12%. RIR-MAPLE is then extended to the deposition of layered lead halide perovskite films incorporating oligothiophene-derived molecular cations, which cannot be controllably deposited by other methods. By varying the number of rings in the thiophene chain and the halide component of the inorganic layers, the photoluminescence emission from these films can be tuned to originate from either the inorganic or the organic component or be quenched altogether, supporting prior computational predictions of the tunable quantum well nature of these types of perovskite structures. Carrier transfer between the inorganic and organic moieties can synergistically populate triplet states in the organic, showcasing the unique physical properties attainable in complex-organic perovskites. Chapter 6 focuses on the halide semiconductor indium(I) iodide, which possesses elements of its electronic structure like those of halide perovskites, that are often invoked as an explanation for these materials’ remarkable defect tolerance. Indium(I) iodide is prepared in thin-film form by thermal evaporation. A photovoltaic effect is demonstrated for the first time in this material, with solar cells demonstrating ~0.4% power conversion efficiency. Overall, the results advance our scientific understanding of halide semiconductors, and provide crucial pathways by which they can be made more technologically effective, and be studied in greater depth.</p