The worldwide prevalence of anxiety in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Anxiety affects social, economic, and physical aspects of daily life in patients with AIDS. Therefore, it is necessary to take preventive measures and design plans to maintain their general health. The present study was the first comprehensive systematic literature review research that examined the worldwide prevalence rate of anxiety in patients with AIDS. Methods: We searched for papers published in the English language in the major databases including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar from 2000 to October 2018. There were 40 studies which found to be eligible. These studies were independently evaluated and the collected data were entered in a data extraction form, which was then analyzed by two authors and a third author if necessary. Der Simonian-Laird model was used to estimate the prevalence rate on a Forest plot at the interval confidence of 95%. Results: The total sample size was 24111, and the total number of people with anxiety was 5546. The results based on the random-effects model showed that the rate of anxiety prevalence in the patients was 25% (CI: 95%, 21% -30%) with heterogeneity of 97.9% and a significance level of p<0.001. The South America continent with a prevalence f 38% (95% CI, 34%-42%) had the highest anxiety prevalence rates and Africa with 19% (95% CI, 12% -29%) had the lowest anxiety prevalence rates. Conclusion: Based on findings, the prevalence of anxiety in developed countries was partially higher than in underdeveloped countries and the obtained mean in the present study. It can be a significant point for policymakers. Therefore, WHO and the world community should have special plans for these countries

The Association between Sleep and Injury among School-Aged Children in Iran

Background. A good night’s sleep plays a key role in diseases resistance, injury prevention, and mood stability. The objective of this study was to examine relationship between sleep problems and accidental injury occurrences in school-aged children. Method. A retrospective study was conducted for comparing two groups of children. Children who have experienced injuries for at least two times during an academic year are the participants in the injury group (IG) and those who have not experienced any kind of injuries are placed in the noninjury group (NIG). Data was collected through parent-reported sleep patterns and problems using Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Findings. The findings showed that global sleep problems were more in the IG than in the NIG. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the daytime sleepiness and sleep duration are the two major reasons for accidental injury. In addition, significant difference was seen between the sleep patterns of the two groups. Sleep duration was also shorter in the IG, and this group had a greater percentage (63% versus 41.1%) of “short sleepers” (<9 h). Conclusion. There is a significant relationship between injury occurrence and sleep problems and sleep duration in Iranian school-aged children

Verbal abuse against nurses in hospitals in Iran

Introduction: The rising rate of doing behavioral violence to people working in health-care centersis a major problem for nurse’s population. This study was run with the aim of ascertaining how muchnurses working in hospitals all over the country (Iran) are under verbal violence and finding out itsrelation with some individual and environmental factors.Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional one which was run with 1317nurses as the participants in hospitals all over the country of Iran during 2007. Data collection wasdone through self-report questionnaire.Results: 87.4% of nurses experienced verbal violence at least once in their working surroundingsduring the last six months. Most of the verbal violence (64.4%) was done by patients' relatives,(44.2%) between 7:30 am to 14:30 pm in the patient's room (48.3%). Results show that only 35.9% ofverbal violence was reported by nurses. Investigating the frequency of verbal violence, the results ofcorrelation analysis (x²) showed that there is a significant relationship between verbal violence andvariables such as age (P=0.009), sex (P=0.001), job experience (P=0.007), work hours (P=0.001) andjob rank (P=0.048).Conclusion: Since lots of violence happens and the risk factors were investigated, more attentionmust be paid to this issue and the necessary steps must be taken in this regard. The findings of thisstudy can be helpful to reduce, prevent and control the violence to nurses

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes of the Labor in Primigravida Women

Reflexology is a technique used widely as one of non-pharmacological pain management techniques. The present study aimed to review and determine the effect of foot reflexology on anxiety, pain and outcomes of the labor in primigravida women. This clinical trial study was conducted on 80 primigravida mothers who were divided randomly into an intervention group (Foot reflexology applied for 40 min, n=40) and control group (n=40). The pain intensity was scored immediately after the end of intervention and at 30,60 and 120 min after the intervention in both groups, based on McGill Questionnaire for Pain Rating Index (PRI). Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was completed before and after intervention in both groups. Duration of labor phases, the type of labor and Apgar scores of the infant at the first and fifth minute were recorded in both groups. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods (t-test and chi-square test) were applied in analyzing data. Application of reflexology technique decreas d pain intensity (at 30, 60 and 120 min after intervention) and duration of labor as well as anxiety level significantly (P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of the frequency distribution of the type of labor and Apgar score (P<0.001). Results of this study show that reflexology reduces labor pain intensity, duration of labor, anxiety, frequency dist ibution of natural delivery and increases Apgar scores. Using this non-invasive technique, obstetricians can achieve, to some extent, to one of the most important goals of midwifery as pain relief and reducing anxiety during labor and encourage the mothers to have a vaginal delivery

Effect of Distraction on Children’s Behavioral Responses to Pain During IV Catheter Insertion

Background & Aim: Pain is an unpleasant experience related topotential or actual tissue damage. Distraction is an effective technique to control pain. This study aimed to examine the effect of pressing a small soft ball during intravenous catheter insertion on pain related behavioral responses of children.Methods & Materials: A randomized clinical trial study wasconducted in surgical ward of the Qods hospital in Qazvin, Iran in2010. Sixty children aged 4-6 were selected through a simplerandomized sampling method. The children were allocated into twoequal intervention and control groups. Data were collected using theFLACC scale. In the intervention group, children were asked to press a soft ball during IV catheter insertion. The researcher marked theFLACC during the procedure. In the control group, no distraction wasmade during the IV catheter placement. The data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics, independent-sample t-test, Chi square at P<0.05.Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables including gender, birth order, race, age and type of disease. In the intervention group, none of the children experienced severe pain during IV catheter insertion; and 63.3% of the children had moderate pain. In the control group, 50.0% of children had moderate pain and 23.3% of them experienced severe pain during IV catheter insertion. There was a significant difference in perceived pain between the children of two groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: Distraction is an effective, non-expensive, and easy-toaccess technique to control and reduce pain in children during IVcatheter placement. This study showed that distraction through pressing a soft ball was effective in reducing the behavioral responses of pain in children who underwent IV catheter placement

The relationship between the burden of care and fear of disease progression in mothers of children with cystic fibrosis

Objectives: Aim of this study was determining the relationship between burden of care and fear of disease progression in mothers of children with cystic fibrosis. Methodology: 142 mothers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) participated in this correlational study. Data were collected with sequential method. The researchers employed the self-report Zarit burden of care and fear of disease progression questionnaire in parents of children with CF. Mothers answered the questioners separately.&nbsp; Data were analyzed with statistical analysis of variance and independent t-test. Results: According to the results, the mean maternal burden of care was 34.12 ± 69.77, and the mean fear of disease progression was 32.12 ± 92.11. The burden of care had the highest regression effect on fear of disease progression in mothers of children with CF (β = 0.896). With an increase of one unit of standard deviation in the burden of care, an increase of 0.896 units occurred in fear of disease progression in parents of children with CF. Conclusion: Mothers of children with CF experience a moderate burden of care and fear of disease progression. An increase in the burden of care and psychological stress increases the fear of disease progression in these mothers

Effect of foot reflexology on pain intensity and duration of labor on primiparous

Introduction: The integration of reflexology as one of the non-pharmacological pain relief methods in to midwifery care has become more common in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of reflexology on pain intensity and the duration of labor in primiparous.Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on 80 primiparous women with low risk pregnancy that referring to Karaj hospitals (Iran) then randomized in two groups, intervention group which received reflexology for 40 minutes and control group. Severity of labor pain was shown by visual analogue scale (McGill questionnaire), before, half, one and two hours after intervention. Moreover, the duration of labor was determined for both groups.Results: Severity of labor pain before and immediately after intervention foot reflexology did not vary between case and control groups (p>0.05). But half, one and two hours after it, severity of labor pain in the intervention group was lower than the control group (P<0.001). Duration of labor in the intervention group significantly was lower than the control group (P<0.001).Conclusion: Reflexology can lead to decrease in labor pain as well as duration of labor. Therefore, we can use this non-invasive technique to decrease the labor pain and encourage mothers to normal vaginal delivery that is one of the aims of midwifer