Other patterns of mRNA expression in the <i>Pectoralis major</i> muscle of broiler chickens at d 34. Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C), or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM), incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (CCh) or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (TMCh).

<p>Values were standardized using geNorm factor calculated from the expression of 18S ribosomal RNA, Cytochrome b and β-actin. A) avian UCP3: avian uncoupling protein; AdMyHC: adult isoform of myosin heavy chain; Atrogin-1. B) Myf5: myogenic factor 5. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (a–b, <i>P</i><0.05) or only a tendency (A–B, <i>P</i><0.10) when both incubation and challenge(incubation) effects or challenge(incubation) effect alone were significant (n = 8 per treatment).</p

Phosphorylation levels of kinases involved in the regulation of protein and energy metabolism and cellular stress in the <i>Pectoralis major</i> muscle. Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C), thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM), incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (CCh), or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (TMCh).

<p>All western-blots were performed using anti-vinculin antibody as protein loading control. Results are presented as phosphorylated (p-) to total protein ratios. ERK: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK); AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; S6K1: p70 S6 kinase or 70 kDA ribosomal protein S6 kinase; S6: ribosomal protein S6. A) Phosphorylation levels of ERK and p38 MAPK. B) Phosphorylation level of AMPK. C) Phosphorylation levels of S6K1 and S6. Different letters indicate significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05) between treatments (a–b) when both incubation and challenge(incubation) effects or challenge(incubation) effect alone were significant (n = 8 per treatment).</p

Levels of mRNA of genes affected by thermal manipulation during embryogenesis in the <i>Pectoralis major</i> muscle of broiler chickens at d 34.

<p>Values were standardized using geNorm factor calculated from the expression of 18S ribosomal RNA, Cytochrome b and β-actin. A) DIO3: deiodinase 3; HK1: hexokinase 1; SCOT: succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase; *: <i>P</i><0.05; †: <i>P</i><0.10. B) Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C), thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM), or incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (CCh) or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (TMCh). MYOD: myoblast determination protein; GLUT 8: glucose transporter 8; PGC-1α: peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator 1α; CS: citrate synthase; DIO2: deiodinase 2. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (a–b, <i>P</i><0.05) or only a tendency (A–B, <i>P</i><0.10) when both incubation and challenge (incubation) effects or challenge(incubation) effect alone were significant (n = 8 per treatment).</p

Additional file 1: of Thermal manipulation of the chicken embryo triggers differential gene expression in response to a later heat challenge

Upstream regulators found for each cluster. (XLSX 26 kb

Effects of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis (TM) and d34 heat challenge on levels of enzyme activity (IU/g protein) in the <i>Pectoralis major</i> muscle (PM) and livers of 34-day-old broiler chickens.

<p>HAD: β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, CS: citrate synthase and LDH: lactate dehydrogenase activity in PM and Liver. Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C, n = 9), thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM, n = 11), incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at 34 d (CCh, n = 10) or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at 34d (TMCh, n = 9).</p><p>Effects of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis (TM) and d34 heat challenge on levels of enzyme activity (IU/g protein) in the <i>Pectoralis major</i> muscle (PM) and livers of 34-day-old broiler chickens.</p

Phosphorylation levels of kinases involved in the regulation of protein metabolism in the liver. Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C), thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM), incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (CCh), or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (TMCh).

<p>All western-blots were performed using anti-vinculin antibody as protein loading control. Results are presented as phosphorylated (p-) to total protein ratios. S6: ribosomal protein S6. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (a–b, <i>P</i><0.05) or only a tendency (A–B, <i>P</i><0.10) when both incubation and challenge(incubation) effects or challenge(incubation) effect alone were significant (n = 8 per treatment).</p

Levels of mRNA of genes affected by heat challenge in the livers of d34 control broiler chickens. Chickens were incubated and reared in standard conditions (Controls C), thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and reared in standard conditions (TM), incubated in standard conditions and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (CCh), or thermally manipulated during embryogenesis and exposed to heat challenge at d 34 (TMCh).

<p>Values were standardized using geNorm factor calculated from the expression of 18S ribosomal RNA, Cytochrome b and β-actin. FASN: fatty acid synthase; CS: citrate synthase; M-CPT1: muscle isoform of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; SCOT: succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase; ADRB2R: beta-adrenergic receptor 2; HK2: hexokinase 2. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (a–b, <i>P</i><0.05) or only a tendency (A–B, <i>P</i><0.10) when both incubation and challenge(incubation) effects or challenge(incubation) effect alone were significant (n = 8 per treatment).</p