ナゼBeドウシデツマズイテシマウノカ?-ショキュウレベルノガクセイノゴトウヲミナガラ-

The verb \u27to be\u27 is taught at the beginning of the first grade of junior high schools. It is a basic grammatical item. Yet even university/college students are confused with the verb \u27to be\u27 and regular verbs. The author found this situation, especially when teaching at T College several years ago, where many students ded not like English. At first, the author taught how to make sentences (SV, SVO) with regular verbs. After that, students learned how to make sentences (SVC) with the verb \u27to be\u27. The rules of the verb \u27to be\u27 are limited and once learners understand them, the verb \u27to be\u27 should not be so difficult. Even so, it was still hard for them to comprehend the verb \u27to be\u27. Then the author started wondering why they made such mistakes. She collected their mistakes from their answer sheets and analyzed them. As a result, their mistakes have been classified into six types. Some mistakes are influenced by Japanese grammar (interlingual errors ), while others are influenced by other English grammar (intralingual errors). We can also see some mistakes resulting from lack of comprehension of the roles of this complex verb. In this paper, the author mainly tries to explain why students made these mistakes. In addition, we will explore some practical ways to teach grammar. Students in this generation had education without cramming(=Yutori kyouiku) at school. In English class, not grammar but communication skills were stressed. Students repeated the phrases they learned in class and used them in communicative activities,but the grammatical items were not fully internalized. Considering this situation, we need to find effective ways to make students more active in English class

日本维持性血液透析患者蛋白质能量消耗的患病率和诊断标准评估

Background and Objectives: The International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) has recently recommended the use of the term “protein-energy wasting” (PEW). PEW is a state of malnutrition with decreased body stores of protein and energy fuel in hemodialysis patients and is known as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. We examined the prevalence of PEW and the characteristics of PEW patients in a hemodialysis center in Japan. Methods and Study Design: Fifty-nine outpatients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at Iga City General Hospital were evaluated. We observed their biochemical data, body composition, dietary intake, and the number of steps prospectively. PEW was defined according to ISRNM criteria. Results: Nine patients (15% of total) were diagnosed as having PEW. Among indicators of PEW criteria, the relevance ratios of “reduced muscle mass” and “unintentional low dietary energy intake” were significantly higher in PEW than in non-PEW. The number of steps was lower, and serum levels of glucose and C-reactive protein were higher in PEW. Conclusion: About 15% of Japanese hemodialysis patients are estimated to have PEW. Our results suggested that major contributing factors to PEW were reduced muscle mass, unintentional low dietary energy intake, lower amount of exercise, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation.背景与目的：国际肾营养与代谢协会（ISRNM）最近推荐使用术语“蛋白质能量消耗（PEW）”。PEW 是血液透析患者体内蛋白质和能量储存减少的一种营养不良状态，并且被认为是患病率和死亡率的危险因素。我们在日本的一个血液透析中心研究了PEW 的患病率和PEW 患者的特征。方法与研究设计：我们评估了58 名在伊贺市综合医院做维持性血液透析的门诊患者，并观察了他们的生化数据、体成分、膳食摄入量和行走的步数。根据ISRNM 标准诊断PEW。结果：9 名（占总数的15%）患者被诊断为PEW。在PEW 诊断标准指标中，PEW 患者“肌肉量减少”和“无意识的低膳食能量摄入”的比例高于非PEW 患者。PEW 患者中行走的步数较低，而血清葡萄糖和C-反应蛋白水平较高。结论：约有15%的日本血液透析患者患有PEW。我们的研究结果表明：引起PEW 的主要因素是肌肉量减少、无意识的低膳食能量摄入、运动量低、胰岛素抵抗和慢性炎症

Fish oil-enriched nutrition combined with systemic chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer patients with cancer cachexia

Despite recent advances in chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer, a crucial factor related to poor prognosis is reduced tolerance to chemotherapy induced by cancer cachexia. Fish oil (FO)-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) modulates inflammation in patients with various malignancies; however, the impact of FO-enriched nutrition as a combined modality therapy on clinical outcomes remains controversial. We systemically analysed chronological changes in biochemical and physiological status using bioelectrical impedance analysis in 128 gastrointestinal cancer patients provided with or without FO-enriched nutrition during chemotherapy. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical significance of FO-enriched nutrition and clarified appropriate patient groups that receive prognostic benefits from FO-enriched nutrition during treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. The control group showed significant up-regulation of serum CRP) levels and no significant difference in both skeletal muscle mass and lean body mass. In contrast, the FO-enriched nutrition group showed no changes in serum CRP concentration and significantly increased skeletal muscle mass and lean body mass over time. Furthermore, high CRP levels significantly correlated with reduced tolerance to chemotherapy, and FO-enriched nutrition improved chemotherapy tolerance and prognosis, particularly in gastrointestinal cancer patients with a modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) of 1 or 2. We conclude that FO-enriched nutrition may improve the prognosis of patients with cancer cachexia and systemic inflammation (i.e., those with a mGPS of 1 or 2)

Body fat mass is correlated with serum transthyretin levels in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Serum transthyretin (TTR), also known as prealbumin, is a reliable nutritional indicator and an independent prognostic factor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. However, we recently reported that serum TTR levels did not affect protein−energy wasting (PEW). In this study, we investigated factors affecting serum TTR levels in 60 maintenance hemodialysis patients. The patients were divided into High-TTR and Low-TTR groups according to the median serum TTR level. Albumin levels were significantly higher and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly lower in the High-TTR group than in the Low-TTR group. Although body fat mass was significantly higher in the High-TTR group than in the Low-TTR group, no significant difference in body fat ratio were observed. These findings suggest that body fat mass is related to serum TTR levels, apart from factors such as albumin and CRP levels, which showed correlations with serum TTR levels. Because body fat mass is related to better survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients, it may contribute to the prognostic value of serum TTR levels. In addition, in such patients, it may be important to evaluate body fatmass rather than body fat ratio and to maintain the minimum necessary body fat mass

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of lascufloxacin for nursing and healthcare associated pneumonia: single-arm, open-label clinical trial: A study protocol

Background: Lascufloxacin hydrochloride (LSFX) is a quinolone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV of bacteria, it is anticipated to minimize antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It exhibits antibacterial activity against a relatively wide range of bacterial species, including anaerobic bacteria, and its efficacy and safety against community-acquired pneumonia have been shown; however, its efficacy and safety against nursing and healthcare associated pneumonia (NHCAP) have not been verified.Methods/Design: Here, a single-arm, open-label, uncontrolled study was conducted in which LSFX was administered to patients with NHCAP at 24 facilities. The research subjects (77 cases) were orally administered 75 mg of LSFX once a day for 7 days. The primary endpoint was the clinical efficacy at the time of test of cure (TOC) (TOC; 5–10 days after the end of LSFX administration), while the secondary endpoints were the efficacy at the time of end of treatment, early clinical efficacy, microbiological efficacy at the time of TOC and end of treatment, and safety evaluation of LSFX.Discussion: NHCAP is a common pneumonia in clinical settings and a notable pneumonia whose mortality is high compared to community-acquired pneumonia. The present study showed the efficacy and safety of LSFX against NHCAP, which could lead to a larger number of therapeutic options for NHCAP

Examining Foreign Language Activities in Elementary Shools: Retrospective of the English Activity Lessons Led by Students in the Teacher Training Course from Kobe College

2020年度から新学習指導要領が導入されることになり、小学校の英語に関する項目が大きく変わろうとしている。現在5、6年生に課されている『外国語活動』が3、4年生に、そして５、6年生には『外国語』という新しい科目が導入されることになる。『外国語』という名称ではあるが、児童が学ぶ言語は英語であり、今後は英語も正式な教科として扱われる。小学校教員が英語の免許状を保持していない等、指導教員についても問題があるが、文部科学省はこの方針で小学校の英語教育を進めている。このことを受けて、本論では小学校の英語教育について考察する。また、本学４年次教職課程の学生がボランティアとしてかかわっている西宮市立西宮浜小学校と山口小学校における英語活動についても取り上げている。これは小学校１年生から4年生を対象にした活動であるが、その活動についてもこれを機会に振り返る。さらにこの変化を受けて、今後の学生による活動の在り方についても考えている

神戸女学院大学における英語科教育法に関する考察

神戸女学院大学にて英語科教育法の授業を原田園子名誉教授から引き継いで8年が経つ。この論文では、英語科教育法の授業方法を紹介し、この授業を通して学生はどのような学びをしてきたか、学生の声を参考にしながら振り返っている。また、英語科教育法の授業では、中学校・高等学校の教科書を用いた模擬授業を行っているが、その時の授業の進め方は神戸女学院独自の伝統に基づく方法論で成り立っている。この内容については、卒業生教員からも現場で使える方法として評価されており、学習指導要領が変更されてもこの授業で学んでいる授業方法は変える必要がないほど確率されている。学習指導要領がこの授業の方法にやっと追いついてきたといっても過言ではない。常に神戸女学院の英語教育が一歩先を行っていることが改めて分かったが、このたびの大きな学習指導要領の改訂を機会に、本学の特徴である音声を重視した英語の授業方法をさらに発展させるためにどのような事柄を取り入れていくべきか、今後の展望につなげている