Razlike u kemijskom sastavu i antioksidacijskoj sposobnosti različitih genotipova himalajske maslinice (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.)

Fruit from six genotypes of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.); Brilliant Rose, Delightful, Jewel, Natural 1, Natural 2 and Sweet N Tart; were evaluated for fruit quality, phenolic content, carotenoids, antioxidants, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The fruit soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acids (TA), total carotenoids, and total phenolic content varied with genotypes. Soluble solids content (SSC) in six genotypes of autumn olive ranged from 10.6 to 18.4 %, while titratable acids ranged from 0.79 to 1.29 %. Jewel had the highest SSC and Sweet N Tart had the highest TA. Fructose and glucose were the two predominant sugars, and malic acid was the predominant organic acid found in autumn olive fruit. Jewel and Sweet N Tart cultivars had the highest sugar and organic acid content among the six genotypes. Autumn olive had potent free radical scavenging activities for 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+·), peroxyl radical (ROO·), superoxide radicals (O2–·), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). Autumn olive also had high activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GHS-POD), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). Among the six genotypes, Brilliant Rose and Jewel had the highest levels of antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme activity.Ocijenjena je kakvoća plodova, udio fenola, karotenoida, antioksidansa, te antioksidativna sposobnost i aktivnost enzima u plodovima šest genotipova himalajske maslinice (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.); Brilliant Rose, Delightful, Jewel, Natural 1, Natural 2 i Sweet N Tart. Udio topljivih tvari, titracijska kiselost, te udio ukupnih karotenoida i fenola ovisio je o genotipu ploda. Udio topljivih tvari iznosio je od 10,6 do 18,4 %, dok je titracijska kiselost bila od 0,79 do 1,29 %. Najviše topljivih tvari sadržavao je genotip Jewel, a najveću titracijsku kiselost imao je genotip Sweet N Tart. U plodu himalajske maslinice najveći je udio fruktoze i glukoze, dok je jabučna kiselina dominantna organska kiselina. Kultivari Jewel i Sweet N Tart imaju najviše šećera i organskih kiselina. Himalajska maslinica sadrži spojeve koji imaju izrazitu sposobnost uklanjanja slobodnih radikala poput 2,2-di(4-tert-oktilfenil)-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH˙), diamonijeve soli 2,2\u27-azinobis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonske kiseline) (ABTS˙+), peroksilnog radikala (ROO˙), superoksidnog radikala (O2˙-) i hidroksilnog radikala (˙OH) te singletnog kisika (¹O2). U plodovima himalajske maslinice aktivni su i antioksidativni enzimi, kao što su glutation-peroksidaza, glutation-reduktaza, superoksid-dismutaza, askorbat-peroksidaza, dehidroaskorbat-reduktaza i monodehidroaskorbat-reduktaza. Od šest ispitanih genotipova Brilliant Rose i Jewel imali su najveći udio antioksidansa i najjaču antioksidativnu enzimsku aktivnost

Razlike u kemijskom sastavu i antioksidacijskoj sposobnosti različitih genotipova himalajske maslinice (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.)

Fruit from six genotypes of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.); Brilliant Rose, Delightful, Jewel, Natural 1, Natural 2 and Sweet N Tart; were evaluated for fruit quality, phenolic content, carotenoids, antioxidants, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The fruit soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acids (TA), total carotenoids, and total phenolic content varied with genotypes. Soluble solids content (SSC) in six genotypes of autumn olive ranged from 10.6 to 18.4 %, while titratable acids ranged from 0.79 to 1.29 %. Jewel had the highest SSC and Sweet N Tart had the highest TA. Fructose and glucose were the two predominant sugars, and malic acid was the predominant organic acid found in autumn olive fruit. Jewel and Sweet N Tart cultivars had the highest sugar and organic acid content among the six genotypes. Autumn olive had potent free radical scavenging activities for 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+·), peroxyl radical (ROO·), superoxide radicals (O2–·), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). Autumn olive also had high activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GHS-POD), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). Among the six genotypes, Brilliant Rose and Jewel had the highest levels of antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme activity.Ocijenjena je kakvoća plodova, udio fenola, karotenoida, antioksidansa, te antioksidativna sposobnost i aktivnost enzima u plodovima šest genotipova himalajske maslinice (Elaeagnus umbellate Thunb.); Brilliant Rose, Delightful, Jewel, Natural 1, Natural 2 i Sweet N Tart. Udio topljivih tvari, titracijska kiselost, te udio ukupnih karotenoida i fenola ovisio je o genotipu ploda. Udio topljivih tvari iznosio je od 10,6 do 18,4 %, dok je titracijska kiselost bila od 0,79 do 1,29 %. Najviše topljivih tvari sadržavao je genotip Jewel, a najveću titracijsku kiselost imao je genotip Sweet N Tart. U plodu himalajske maslinice najveći je udio fruktoze i glukoze, dok je jabučna kiselina dominantna organska kiselina. Kultivari Jewel i Sweet N Tart imaju najviše šećera i organskih kiselina. Himalajska maslinica sadrži spojeve koji imaju izrazitu sposobnost uklanjanja slobodnih radikala poput 2,2-di(4-tert-oktilfenil)-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH˙), diamonijeve soli 2,2\u27-azinobis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonske kiseline) (ABTS˙+), peroksilnog radikala (ROO˙), superoksidnog radikala (O2˙-) i hidroksilnog radikala (˙OH) te singletnog kisika (¹O2). U plodovima himalajske maslinice aktivni su i antioksidativni enzimi, kao što su glutation-peroksidaza, glutation-reduktaza, superoksid-dismutaza, askorbat-peroksidaza, dehidroaskorbat-reduktaza i monodehidroaskorbat-reduktaza. Od šest ispitanih genotipova Brilliant Rose i Jewel imali su najveći udio antioksidansa i najjaču antioksidativnu enzimsku aktivnost

Changes in strawberry phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity in response to high oxygen treatments,” LWT—Food

Abstract Changes in fruit quality, decay, phenolic and anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity of strawberries (Fragaria  ananassa Duch. cv. Allstar) stored under air and high oxygen atmospheres at 5 1C were investigated. Freshly harvested strawberries were placed in jars and ventilated continuously with air or with 40, 60, 80, or 100 kPa O 2 at 5 1C for up to 14 days. Samples were taken initially, and after 3, 7, 10 and 14 days of storage. While fruit quality parameters such as titratable acidity, total soluble solids and surface color were only slightly affected by differing levels of O 2 , the higher oxygen concentration treatments significantly reduced decay. Oxygen concentrations higher than 60 kPa also promoted increases in ORAC values, total phenolics and total anthocyanins as well as individual phenolic compounds analysed by HPLC during the initial 7 days of storage. However, this effect diminished with prolonged storage. No significant differences in ORAC values, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, or the individual phenolic compounds were observed among the high O 2 and air-stored fruits after 14 days of storage. These results indicate that high oxygen treatments exert the most effects on fruit quality and antioxidant capacity of strawberry fruit in the first 7 days of storage

Cyanidin-3-Glucoside, A Natural Product Derived From Blackberry, Exhibits Chemopreventive And Chemotherapeutic Activity

Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower incidence of cancer. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a compound found in blackberry and other food products, was shown to possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity in the present study. In cultured JB6 cells, C3G was able to scavenge ultraviolet B-induced *OH and O2-* radicals. In vivo studies indicated that C3G treatment decreased the number of non-malignant and malignant skin tumors per mouse induced by 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin. Pretreatment of JB6 cells with C3G inhibited UVB- and TPA-induced transactivation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These inhibitory effects appear to be mediated through the inhibition of MAPK activity. C3G also blocked TPA-induced neoplastic transformation in JB6 cells. In addition, C3G inhibited proliferation of a human lung carcinoma cell line, A549. Animal studies showed that C3G reduced the size of A549 tumor xenograft growth and significantly inhibited metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that C3G inhibited migration and invasion of A549 tumor cells. These finding demonstrate for the first time that a purified compound of anthocyanin inhibits tumor promoter-induced carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis in vivo

Regulation of thymocyte positive selection and motility by GIT2

Thymocytes are highly motile cells that migrate under the influence of chemokines in distinct thymic compartments as they mature. The motility of thymocytes is tightly regulated; however, the molecular mechanisms that control thymocyte motility are not well understood. Here we report that G protein–coupled receptor kinase-interactor 2 (GIT2) was required for efficient positive selection. Notably, Git2−/− double-positive thymocytes showed greater activation of the small GTPase Rac, actin polymerization and migration toward the chemokines CXCL12 (SDF-1) and CCL25 in vitro. By two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, we found that the scanning activity of Git2−/− thymocytes was compromised in the thymic cortex, which suggests GIT2 has a key role in regulating the chemokine-mediated motility of double-positive thymocytes.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01AI064227)Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Americ

ENU Mutagenesis Identifies Mice with Morbid Obesity and Severe Hyperinsulinemia Caused by a Novel Mutation in Leptin

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multifactorial disease that arises from complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Leptin is central to the regulation of energy metabolism and control of body weight in mammals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To better recapitulate the complexity of human obesity syndrome, we applied N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in combination with a set of metabolic assays in screening mice for obesity. Mapping revealed linkage to the chromosome 6 within a region containing mouse Leptin gene. Sequencing on the candidate genes identified a novel T-to-A mutation in the third exon of Leptin gene, which translates to a V145E amino acid exchange in the leptin propeptide. Homozygous Leptin(145E/145E) mutant mice exhibited morbid obesity, accompanied by adipose hypertrophy, energy imbalance, and liver steatosis. This was further associated with severe insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperleptinemia, characteristics of human obesity syndrome. Hypothalamic leptin actions in inhibition of orexigenic peptides NPY and AgRP and induction of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were attenuated in Leptin(145E/145E) mice. Administration of exogenous wild-type leptin attenuated hyperphagia and body weight increase in Leptin(145E/145E) mice. However, mutant V145E leptin coimmunoprecipitated with leptin receptor, suggesting that the V145E mutation does not affect the binding of leptin to its receptor. Molecular modeling predicted that the mutated residue would form hydrogen bond with the adjacent residues, potentially affecting the structure and formation of an active complex with leptin receptor within that region. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, our evolutionary, structural, and in vivo metabolic information suggests the residue 145 as of special function significance. The mouse model harboring leptin V145E mutation will provide new information on the current understanding of leptin biology and novel mouse model for the study of human obesity syndrome